POINTS IN 



CHURCH HISTORY 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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POmTS m CHURCH HISTORY 



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The rev. THOMAS RICHEY,D.D. 



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DEDICATED TO 
THE GIRLS OF ST. GABRIEL'S SCHOOL. 

PEEKSKILL, N. Y. 



PREFATORY NOTE. 



These outlines, prepared for St. Gabriel's School, 
Peekskill, N. Y., by the Sister in charge, are published 
in the hope that they will be an incentive to the more 
thorough study of the history of the Christian Church 
in schools and colleges. They have been tested by ex- 
perience, and found capable of practical application in 
the classroom, under competent guidance. 

It gives me no little pleasure to acknowledge the aid 
which Religious Orders are capable of rendering to the 
Church, by the proof, which these outlines based upon 
my Heads of Church History printed for candidates for 
Holy Orders furnish, that the chair of Church History 
is neither barren nor unfruitful, but, through the agency 
of others, is abounding in good works to the glory and 
praise of God. 

Thomas Richey. 

Gen. Theo. Sem., 

New Yorky Aug., 1898. 

(5) 



POUTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 



I. Introduction. 

I. The Preparation of the World for Christianity. 

A. Through Judaism ; 

Mission of the Hebrews to receive and trans- 
mit the faith. 

Jews free from idolatry. 

Messianic hopes. 

Dispersion of the Jews necessitated the mul- 
tiplication of the Old Testament Scriptures. 

Three yearly festivals. 

Institution of a weekly sabbath. 

Great number of synagogues. 

B. Through Paganism ; 

Preparation not confined exclusively to He- 
brews. A Catholic religion demands a uni- 
versal empire. The inscription on the cross 
in Hebrew, Greek and Latin. 

(1) Grecian ; 

Decline of ancient religions. 
Greek culture, language, syllogism. 
Teachings of Plato. 
The Septuagint version. 
Greek commerce. 

Greek civilization and Alexander of 
Macedonia. 

(7) 



8 POINTS IN CBUBCH HISTORY. 

(2) Roman ; 

Great military roads. 

Roman law, franchise, citizenship. 

Idea of the organization of Chris- 
tian Church. 

Roman peace. 

Local gods of conquered tribes de- 
stroyed by Roman arms. 

C. Subjective Preparation ; 

Typical system in nature ; 
Order in plants, flowers, etc. 
Man the completion and crown of all. 
God taught the Church in its infancy by ob- 
ject lessons. 
Knowledge first grasped by the senses. 
Uses of types in educating incipient faith. 
Christian Church developed from the Jewish. 
Old system allowed to remain before the 

new enters in its course. 
Holy City left standing forty years. 
Type and antitype compared. 

2. The Beginning of the Organization of the Church. 

A. John the Baptist, and expectation of the King- 

dom. 

B. Our Lord's Ministry ; 

Organization not perfected ; unpreparedness 
of the twelve; spiritual nature of the 
Kingdom ; spiritual things spiritually dis- 
cerned. 

Fundamental principles of Kingdom laid 
down in St. Matt, thirteenth chapter. 

Nature of ministerial prerogative, and prin- 
ciples of canon law in St. Matt, eighteenth 
chapter. 
Children to be received. 
Weak and erring to be sought out. 
Forgiveness to be extended to offenders. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 9 

The bestowal of power during the great forty 
days. 
Baptismal commission. 
Power to remit and retain sins. 
Pastoral care. 



II. The Apostolic Age, 30-98. 
1. The Pentecostal Age. 

A. The gift of the Spirit and the nature of His 

economy. 
Significance of the fire dividing itself oflf into 

tongues. 
Pentecostal hymns in all languages of the 

earth. 
Analogy between the glory which filled the 

Tabernacle and the Pentecostal fire. 

B. The day of Pentecost, the birthday of the 

Church. 
Judaic foundation. 
Whole number present. 
Conversion of the 3000. 
The four notes of the age. 

The Apostles' doctrine. 

Common life. 

Daily Eucharist. 

Continual worship and daily attendance in 
the Temple. 

C. True character of the Pentecostal Age creative 

and extraordinary. 
Common life exceptional, not to continue. 
Daily Eucharist soon becomes weekly. 

D. Ministry of the Pentecostal age extraordinary 

not organic. 

Apostles, prophets, teachers, etc. 

Nature of Charismatical gifts and the neces- 
sity for them. 

Missionary character of the Pentecostal age. 



10 POINTS IN CHUEGH HISTORY, 

2. JuDEAN AND Hellenistic Development. 

A. Manifestations of opposing elements in the 

Church. 
Spirit of Judaic Christianity. 
Claims of the Hebrews acknowledged by our 

Lord. 
Notes of change in woman of Samaria and 

woman of Syrophenicia. 
Christians at first attend the Temple ; change 

gradual. 
Appointment of deacons. 

The lowest office the first to be evolved 
from the Apostolate. 

B. Significance of St. Stephen's speech and its 

depth of historical perspective. 
Dispersion and foundling of Hellenistic Church 

at Antioch. Situation of Antioch, Samaria, 

Damascus. 
Yision of St. Peter and Cornelius ; Joppa, 

Csesarea. 
Samaria and Philip the Evangelist. 
Confirming of the Churches by St. Peter and 

St. John. 
St. Peter's visitation of the Churches in Judea. 

Seven years' rest. 

G. Conversion of St. Paul and its significance. 
Missionary journeys in Greece, Asia Minor, 

Spain and utmost bounds of the West. 
Return to Antioch with Barnabas. 

Question raised ; Jewish law of fleshly de- 
scent. 
Christian principle of Faith and the new 
Birth. 
Council at Jerusalem. 
Nature of decision, compromise. 



POINTS IN CHUBCH HISTORY. 11 

3. Transition Period. 

A. Marked by supernatural signs. 

Signs in the heavens, wars, commotions. 
Eruption of Yesuvius, Temple of Jupiter de- 
stroyed. 
Jerusalem taken by Titus, 70 a. d. 

B. Christianity takes possession of the principal 

seats of ancient civilization before the close 
of the first century. 
Mediterranean Sea ; Greek and Roman world 
grouped around it. 

C. Separation of Judaism and Christianity. 

Second stage in the development of the Cath- 
olic religion. 
Hebrew element no longer claims prerogative. 
Christianity recognized as a separate religion. 
Pella ; JElia Capitolina. 

4. Spread op the Church in the Apostolic Age. 

Thomas in Parthia. 

Andrew in Scythia. 

Bartholomew in India (Teman). 

In Alexandria ; St. Mark. 

Evangelization and founding of Churches dif- 
ferent things. 

In Asia Minor. 

DiflSculties in the way of organization. 
Conflict between Hebrews and Hellenists. 
Gentiles ; Neophytes. 

Timothy in Ephesus. 

Titus in Crete. 

St. John left to organize. 
Seven Churches of Asia Minor. 
Provincial organization. 
Apostolic College replaced by provincial. 



12 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

5. Persecutions during the Apostolic Age. 

The Jewish Persecution. 

St. Stephen ; St. James ; St. James, bishop 
of Jerusalem. 
Under Nero, 64 a. d. 

Christianity attracts the notice of the Ro- 
man Emperor. 

Made a religio illicita. 

Death of Sts. Peter and Paul. 
Under Domitian. 

Flavins Clemens ; Flavia Domitilla. 

The relatives of our Lord. 



6. Heresies During the Apostolic Age. 

Judaist Sects. 

Ebionites ; Nazarenes ; Clementines. 
Simon Magus ; Cerinthus. 



7. Organization and Worship of the Church during 

THE Apostolic Age. 

Collegiate character of the Apostolate. 
Christian ministry developed from above 
downward. 
Threefold order; Presbyter, Bishop and 

Deacon. 
General and technical use of words Bishop 

and Presbyter. 
Logical and chronological order of ideas. 
Baptism ; laying on of hands ; Holy Com- 
munion ; Unction ; Prayer ; Intercession ; 
Thanksgiving ; Reading of Old Testament 
and Apostolic letters ; Holy Days ; Creed. 

8. Christian Writers. 

St. Clement ; Paul ; Titus ; James, etc. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 13 

Reference Books for Church History During the 
Apostolic Age. 

Shirley in the Apostolic Age. 

DoUinger's First Age of the Church. 

Church History (Early Period). Cheetham. 

Church History. Milo Mohan. 

Church History, Yol. i. Wordsworth. 

History of Christian Church, Yol. i. Robertson. 

Turning Points of General Church History. Cutts. 

The Apostolic Fathers. G. A. Jackson. 

Primitive Saints and the See of Rome. Puller. 

Catholic Religion. Canon Staley. 

III. The Age of the Persecuted Church, 98-311. 
1. The Growth op the Church. 

A. In the East. 

Edessa, 165 A. D. The First Christian 

Kingdom. 
Arabia in Second Century ; Bostra a bishop's 

see. 
Chaldea ; Maris, a disciple of St. Thaddeus, 

their Apostle. 
Persia, received Truth from Edessa and Ar- 
menia. 
Armenia, first Christian Empire. 

Gregory the Illuminator. 
In Asia Minor. 

Pliny's letter to Trajan. 

Question of Episcopacy and Apostolic Suc- 
cession. 

Polycarp and his testimony. 

Ignatius' Epistles. 

X<op}g TOOTwv iTZtffxoTCoo, Ttpeo^oriptoVj dia- 
xovcov kxxkeffia ob xdXecrat. 

Clement's Epistle to the Corinthians. 

B. In the West. 

Spain ; traditions of Sts. Paul and James. 
Gaul ; Irenseus a pupil of Polycarp. 
Bishop, 1T8, Lyons. 



14 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Germany ; Churches mentioned by both Ire- 

naeus and TertuUian. 
Britain; legendary period. 

Possible origin of Church in Apostolic 

Times. 
Evidence of its existence in Third Century. 
Mentioned in writings of Eusebius, Je- 
rome, Tertullian and Origen. 

C. In Africa. 

(1) Alexandrian School. 

Cosmopolitanism of Christian Phi- 
losophy. 

Catechetic School ; St. Mark. 

Justin Martyr, 148. 

Clement, 191. 

Origen, 185. 

Alexandrian System. 

Creation, Mankind, Revelation, 
Faith, Allegory. 

(2) The North African Church. 

(a) Special mission of North African 
Church. 
How and when Christianized. 
Scillitan martyrs; Perpetua, 

Felicitas. 
Austerit}^ and fervor of North 
African Church 
(6) School at Carthage, Latin School. 
Quintus Septimius Plorentius 
Tertullian. 
Character and influence of 
residence at Rome ; Writ- 
ings, Latin takes place of 
Greek. 
(c) The Cyprianic Age. 

Thascius Csecilianus Cyprian- 
us. 
Bishop from 248-258. 
Policy. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. X5 

Relative position of Cyprian 

and Ignatius. 
State of the Church. 
Double breach of order. 
Novatus, Felicissimus, For- 
tunatus, Privatus. 
Novatus at Rome; con- 
secration of Novatian- 
us by three bishops. 
{d) Peculiar organization of North 
African Church. 
Three Classes. 

Clergy, headed by Bishops. 
Semi-clerical, martyrs, con- 
fessors, virgins. 
Laity. 
Represented in Church by 
Seniores populi, i. e., lay 
elders who acted with 
clergy in all matters of 
Church discipline and 
business. 
Corona presbyterorum. 
Carthage has metropolitical ju- 
risdiction, but not a patriarch- 
ate. 
Comparison with our own Amer- 
ican organization. 
Peculiarities owing to the po- 
litical arrangements of the 
country. 
Scoto Celtic Church and its pe- 
culiarities. 
Essential element of the Episco- 
pate. 

D. The Church at Rome. 

Early character and language. 

Jewish Colony. 

Founders Sts. Paul and Peter. 



16 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Early Bishops. 

Linus, Clement, Anencletus. 
Relation of Rome to Carthage. 

Question of metropolitical jurisdiction. 
Martianus Bishop of Aries. 
Churches of Leon and Astorga. 

Basilides and Martialis seek aid of 
Stephen of Rome. 
Cyprian maintaining local jurisdiction. 
Relation of Cyprian to see of Rome. 
Origin and growth of papal jurisdiction. 
Early Church did not recognize primacy of 
jurisdiction or gift of infallibility of Ro- 
man See. 
Attempt of Victor, 196 A. d. 
" Primacy of Honor " because imperial City. 

2. The Persecutions of the Church, 98-311. 
Under Trajan. 

Pliny in Bithynia; Symeon, bishop of Je- 
rusalem ; Ignatius ; Clement. 
Under Hadrian. 

Cause of the Persecution, Bar-cochba. 

JElia Capitolina. 
End of the Jewish Christian Church. 
Under Marcus Aurelius. 

Justin Martyr; Polycarp; Martyrs of 
Lyons and Yienne. 
Under Severus. 

St. Irenseus ; St. Perpetua ; St. Csecilia. 
Under Maximin, the Thracian. 

Not well known ; against the clergy. 
Under Decius. 
The severest except that of Diocletian. 
St. Baby las ; St. Felix ; St. Agatha ; Many 

Children. 
Libellatici. 
Under Valerian. 
Assemblies of Christians for worship for- 
bidden. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 17 

St. Lawrence ; St. Cyprian ; St. Valentine ; 
St. Prisca ; Little St. C^a'il. 
Under Diocletian. 
Traditores. 

The Theban Legion ; St. Agnes ; St. Alban. 
Canon of Scripture. 

3. The Heresies of the Age of the Persecuted 
Church. 
The heresies of the Ante-Nicene Age a combina- 
tion of Christianity with Greek and Oriental 
Philosophies. 
A. Gnosticism. 

Definition ; origin. 

Three principles connected with all the Gnos- 
tic Schools ; Dualism, Eternity of Matter, 
Docetism. 
Three Gnostic Schools. 

Characteristics, more distinctly dualistic, 

and more hostile to Old Testament. 
Simon Magus and Cerinthus of the Apos- 
tolic Age the precursors. 
(1) West Syrian School. 
Marcion. 

Distinction between Old and New 
Testaments. 
The " Law " hardness and stern- 
ness. 
The " Gospel " an absolutely new 
revelation from God. 
Three principles or forces. 

The Supreme Deity or Good God. 
The Righteous Demiurgos or Cre- 
ator. 
Matter and its ruler the Evil One. 
Saturninus of Antioch. 
Effort to give rationale of Judaism. 
Marriage, etc. 
Carpocrates and Epiphanes. 



18 POINTS IN CHUECH HISTORY. 

JEon system a cloak for great abomi- 
nations. 
Community and equality. 
Epiphanes worshipped as a God. 

(2) East Syrian School. 

Tatian, a pupil of Justin Martyr. 
Tatianites a stern sect; marriage, 
wine, etc. 
Bardesanes of Edessa. 
Three principles. 

Fate, Nature, God of Redemption. 

(3) Alexandrian School. 

Basilides and Yalentinus, 125 A. i>. 
Systems remarkable for brilliant but 

perverse ingenuity. 
Philo-Hellenism opposed to Oriental 

dualism. 
Yalentinus and his system. 

Ogdoad, decad, dodecad, etc. 

The sect of the Marcosians. 

B. Montanism. 

Origin, nature of a reaction. 

Followers : Montanus, Maximilla, Priscilla, 
etc. 

Its teachings ; their severity. 

Relation to the priesthood and the Sacra- 
ments. 

Exaggeration of the economy of the Spirit. 

Councils against Montanism. 

Tertullian a Montanist. 

C. Monarchianism. 

(1) Philanthropists or pure Humanitarians. 
Alogi, denied St. John's Gospel and the 
Apocalypse. 
Theodotus of Rome. 

Excommunicated for teaching our 

Lord a mere man. 
Held supernatural birth but de- 
nied His Divinity. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 19 

Theodotus of Byzantium. 
A money changer but learned. 
Same tenets as Theodotus of 

Rome. 
Denied Christ in persecution. 
Artemon. 

Maintained a Trinity not known 
to Scripture ; developed by 
Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome. 

(2) Emanationists. 

Denied the proper Deity but held the 

Divinity of Christ. 
Beryllus of Bostra in Arabia, 244. 
The Divine Nature of Christ not 
circum script or peculiar but the 
gift of the Father. 
Paul of Samosata, 260. 

A worldly bishop of Antioch. 
Denied the hypostatic nature of the 
Logos. 
Christ a divinely inspired man. 
Deposed by a synod in 269. 
The party maintained itself to the 
fourth century. 

(3) Patripassians. 

Maintained principle of Divinity in its 

absolute sense. 
Praxeas. 

Noted for combating Montanism in 

time of Victor. 
Doctrine : Father and Son One ; the 
Father in a spiritual existence, the 
Son in a fleshly. 
Noetus of Smyrna. 

Before the Incarnation the Son called 
Father, after birth Son ; different 
names according to vicissitudes of 
time. 

(4) Sabellianism. 

Sabellius of Pentapolis, Libya. 



20 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

The first principle a Monad. 

Use of the word person. 

Different manifestations of God 
under the Law, the Gospel and 
the Church. 

Nature of the economic and tem- 
poral manifestations of the Trin- 
ity ; economy of the Father ; of 
the Son ; of the Holy Ghost. 

D. Manichseism. 
Mani, 277. 

Two eternal principles, good and bad. 
Doctrines a mixture of naturalism, dualism 
and fatalism. 
Creation a necessity ; redemption the de- 
liverance of the spiritual principle from 
matter (evil) ; baptism ; mystic Pass- 
over ; Princeps, twelve Magistri, seventy- 
two Bishops. 
Points of Controversy. 

Faith or knowledge the waj^ to holiness. 
Possibility and reality of evil. 
Nature of free-will and possibility of evil. 
Compatibility of free-will and fore-knowl- 
edge. 
Compatibility of evil with the idea of Di- 
vine Providence. 
Spread of Manichseism. 
Edict of Diocletian. 



4. Points of Controversy during Age of the Perse- 
cuted Church. 

A. Quartodeciman Controversy. 

Celebration of Easter in Asia Minor. 
Principle involved in the Controversy. 
Second Stage of the Controversy. 
Question settled at Nicaga, 325. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 21 

B. Controversy on Rebaptism. 

The admission of converts from heresj'' to tlie 

Church. 
African position, rebaptism though fallen into 

disuse. 
Eastern position, same as African. 
Roman position, imposition of hands. 
Stephen reverses decision of the African 

Councils. 
Cyprian excommunicated ; recognized by the 

Roman See. 

5. Writers during Age op the Persecuted Church. 
Clement of Rome, 100 a. d. ; Ignatius, 116 
A. D. ; Poly carp, 160 ; Tertullian, 160 ; Ire- 
nseus, 176 ; Origen, 185 ; Clement, of Alex- 
andria, 191 ; Cyprian, 248. 

Reference Books for Church History During the 
Age of the Persecuted Church. 

Church History. Milo Mahan. 

Church History (Early Period). Cheetham, 

History of Christian Church, Vol. i. Bohertson. 

History of Latin Christianity. Milman. 

The Apostolic Fathers. Jackson. 

Church Club Lectures, 1888. 

The Church and the Roman Empire, Creighton's Series 

of Epochs of Church History. 
St. Cyprian's Life and Times. Poole. 
The Church in Italy. National Churches Series. 
Church History, Yol. i. Wordsworth. 
Turning Points in General Church History. Cutts. 

IV, The Age of the Established Church, 3U-47e. 

The Age of the Four Great (Ecumenical Councils. 
1. The Church and the Empire. 

A. Diocletian and his Times. 

(1) The Division of the Empire. 

Two Augusti, Diocletian, Maximin. 



22 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Two Caesars, Galerius, Constantius. 
The Two August! resign. 

(2) Six masters after Diocletian. 

In the East. 

Maximin, a creature of Galerius. 

Licinius an old comrade of Galerius. 
In the West. 

Maximian, appointed by Diocletian. 

Maxentius his son. 
Galerius and Constantius. 

(3) Persecution under Galerius. 

Edict of toleration, 311. 

Religion made a religio licita. 
Edict of Milan, 313. 

B. Constantine and the Christian Church. 

(1) Early life ; St. Helena a Briton. 

(2) The adoption of the Christian religion. 

Reasons for adoption. 

(3) Founding of Constantinople, 328. 

Reasons for abandoning Rome. 

Family influence, Senate, etc. 
Constantinople a Christian city not a 

pagan. 
Greek Christianity takes the place of 
Roman for three hundred years. 

Purposes to be served by this. 
Dioceses united into four prsefectures. 

(4) New Conditions of the Christian Church. 

Jealous care for the Faith of the Greeks ; 
power of counsel, rule and order of 
the Latins. 

Abolition of pagan sacrifices ; decline 
of paganism. 

Privileges extended to the Church. 

Evil consequences of Church and State. 

Interference of Emperor in ecclesiasti- 
cal matters. 

Last days of Constantine. 
Baptism. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 23 

Divine Yisitations. 
Character of Constantine. 

C. The Sons of Constantine. 

(1) Constans, 337-350. 

Weak in character. 
Idolatry not forbidden. 
Slain by usurper Maxentlus. 

(2) Constantius, 337-361. 

Emperor of East and West. 
Period of intrigue and misrule. 
Eusebius of Nicomedia. 
Character. 

D. Julian the Apostate. 

(1) Early life and training. 

Studied at Athens with Gregory Na- 
zianzen and Basil. 

Aim of Julian to restore paganism ; 
baptism of blood, etc. 

Work of reformation begun ; edict of 
toleration; persecution of Chris- 
tians ; banishment of Athanasius. 

Persecution at Antioch, 362 ; attempts 
to win Christians from the Faith. 

(2) Last Struggle of Paganism. 

Causes of Failure. 

Luke-warmness of priests and scoff- 
ing of people. 
Julian's attempt to rebuild temple 
and restore Judaism. 
Supernatural interference. 
Persian War. 

Death of Julian and prophecies 
connected with it. 
Character of Julian. 

E. Jovian, 363-450. 

Restores Christianity. 
Peace with Persia. 



24 POINTS m cmmcH histobt, 

F. Yalentinian and Yalens. 

Persecutions of the Arian Talens. 

G. Gratian and Theodosius. 

Appointment of Theodosius a victory over 

Gotlis. 
Restores Church to Orthodox. 

Privileges of the Church. 

Influence of Ambrose; Massacre of Thessa- 
lonica. 

H. Theodosius II. 

Monk rather than Emperor. 
Character of his reign. 

2. The Fors G-seaj CEcumentcal Gofnciis op the 
Age or the Established Chdbch, 311-416. 

A. The Coun::: o: ^ic^ a25 (Ti.e Firs: (Ecu- 

(Ij Kinds cf Councils. 

Parochiai ; Provincial; Patriarchal; 
(Ecumenical. 
(2) Arianism. 

(a) Arius and the outbreak of his 

teresy. 

Arius a presbyter of Alexandria. 
School of Antioch, Lucian. 
Tenets of Arius. 

Fundamental mistake of 

Alius. 
Mistake in interpreting Scrip- 
ture, 
(l) Out::i-eal: of neresv a: Alexandria. 
Syno'i of Ales^^fida, 321. 
Question :n dispute. 
Atbanasius ; Euseoius of Fi- 
comedia : Eusebius of Cass- 



area. 
opuia: 
ence of women. 



Popular excitement ; influ- 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 25 

Alius anathematized ; Em- 
peror intervenes. 

(3) The Assembling of the Council, 325. 

Summoned by Emperor Constantine to 

consider Arianism. 
Place ; number ; persons, etc. 

(4) Result of Council. 

Those holding Arianism anathema- 
tized. 
Nicene Creed adopted. 

Homoousion (same substance) Cath- 
olic word. 
Homoiousion (like substance) Arian 
word. 
Paschal question settled. 
Canons passed ; significance of Sixth. 

B. The Council of Constantinople, 381. 

Summoned by Emperor Theodosius to con- 
sider Macedonian and ApoUinarian here- 
sies. 

(1) The Macedonian Heresy. 

Macedonius (about 341). 

Patriarch of Constantinople. 
Heresy. 

Denied the Personality of God the 
Holy Ghost. 

(2) The ApoUinarian Heresy. 

Apollinaris bishop of Laodicea. 
Heresy. 

Our Lord's Soul not a human one 
but the Divine Logos. 
Led to the Nestorian heresy. 

(3) The meeting of the Council, 381. 

Gregory Nazianzen presides ; re- 
signs. 
No bishop of Western Church pres- 
ent. 
Decrees universally received in 
the West. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

(4) Questions considered. 

See of Constantinople. 

Meletian Schism. 

Heresies of Macedonius and Apolli- 

naris anathematized. 
Con Stan tinopolitan Creed. 

Additions made. 
Other Canons. 

A " precedenc}^ of honor " given 

Constantinople. 
Limits and rights of dioceses de- 
fined. 
Difference between metropolit- 

ical and patriarchal sees. 
Five patriarchates. 

East : Constantinople ; Anti- 
och ; Alexandria ; Jerusa- 
lem (honorary). 
West : Rome. 

C. The Council of Ephesus, 431. 

Summoned by Theodosius II. to consider 
Nestorianism. 
(1) The Heresy of Nestorius. 
(a) Nestorius and his teachings. 

Nestorius of the School of Antioch. 
Indications of character. 
Heresy, two Persons in one Na- 
ture. 
(6) Opening of the Nestorian Contro- 
versj^ 
Anastasius and Dorotheus. 
Pastoral letter of St. Cyril of 
Alexandria. 
Theotokos and Theophoros. 
Synods of Alexandria and Rome. 
Twelve anathemas of Cyril, 
(c) The School of Edessa. 

Character of teachings. 
Extent. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 27 

Development. 

Chief objection to Nestorian school. 

(2) Delay in opening the Council. 

St. Cyril, Theodoret. 

(3) The Council condemns Nestorian 

Heresy. 

D. The Council of Chalcedon, 451. 

Summoned to consider heresy of Eutyches. 

(1) The Eutychian Heresy. 

Eutyches. 
Abbot of a monastery near Constan- 
tinople. 
Testified against Nestorius. 
Heresy. 

Not two Natures in Christ after the 
Incarnation but One. 

(2) The Robber Council, 449. 

Dioscurus of Alexandria. 
Tome of St. Leo. 

(3) The Results of the Council of Chalcedon. 

Heresy of Eutyches condemned. 

Doctrine of the Incarnation more 
closely defined. 
Significance of the four words ; truly, 
perfectly, indivisibly, without con- 
fusion. 

E. A Summary of the Truths Declared at the 

Four Great Gouncils. 

(1) Nicaea — Christ was very God ; against 

the Arians. 

(2) Constantinople — Christ was Perfect 

Man ; against the Apollinarians ; The 
Holy Ghost was Very God, against the 
Macedonians. 

(3) Ephesus — Christ was One Person in 

Two Natures unmixed, against the 
Nestorians. 

(4) Chalcedon — Christ had Two Natures 



28 POINTS IN CHURCE: HISTORY. 

distinct in One Person, against the 
Eutychians. 

3. The Controversies of the Age of the Established 
Church, 311-476. 

A. Struggle with the Semi-Arians. 

Division of Arians. 

Semiarians ; Homoeans or Acacians ; Ano- 
maens or ^tians. 
Political influence of Semi-Arians. 
Kecall of Arius and triumph of Eusebian 

party. 
Persecution of Athanasius ; dated creeds. 
Councils of Aries and of Milan. 

Hilary of Poitiers ; fall of Liberius and 
Hosius of Cordova. 
Council of Ancyra, 358. 

Ariminum. 

Last triumph of Arianism. 

Eudoxius enthroned in Constantinople. 

Restoration of Liberius. 

B. The Schism of Donatus. 

(1) Bishop of Carthage. 

Majorinus, Donatus ; Mensurinus, Cse- 
cilianus. 

(2) Grounds of the Schism. 

Rivalry between primate of iNTumidia 

and See of Carthage. 
Offence taken by Lucilla against 

Csecilianus. 

(3) Points of Controversy. 

The Grace of the Sacrament depend- 
ent on the worthiness of the priest. 

Baptism in the name of the Trinity 
valid by whomever administered. 

(4) Controversy lasted 100 years. 

Council of 313. 
Donatus condemned. 



POINTS IN CHUECR HISTORY. 29 

Appeal to Council of Aries, 314 : 
Milan, 316. 
Circumcellions and popular tumult. 
Parmenian succeeds Donatus. 

Two factions, Primian and Maxim- 
ian. 
Final settlement of Controversy at 

Council of 411. 
Importance of Controversy. 
(5) Issues in Time of Augustine. 
Nature of Church. 

Validity of Baptism and Ordination 
irrespective of the minister. 

The Pelagian Controversy. 
Pelagius (Morgan) a monk of the monastery 

of Bangor in Wales. 
Celestius, his deacon, asks to be made pres- 
byter at Carthage. 
Questions raised concerning original sin and 
free-will. 

(1) Adam made mortal and subject to 

death without sin. 

(2) Sin of Adam injured himself and 

not the race. 

(3) Newborn children in the same state 

as Adam before the fall. 

(4) Children without baptism have eter- 

nal life. 

(5) The human race does not die in 

Adam nor does it rise in Christ. 

(6) Law saves as well as Gospel, and 

before Christ there were men with- 
out sin. 
Council of Carthage, 412 ; Jerusalem, 415. 
Question transferred to Rome ; Innocent I. 

sustains Carthage. 
Zosimus a Greek, favors Pelagius and is 
opposed by Council at Carthage, 418 ; 
Zosimus retracts. 



30 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Semi-Pelagianism. 

Julian of Eclanum refuses to sign the 
Epistola Tractoria of Zosimus. 

John Cassian, abbot of a monastery at Mar- 
seilles, holds the reciprocal action be- 
tween grace and the will. 

Yincent of Lerins. 

Council of Orange reaffirms Auorustinian 
views. 

Semi-Pelagianism condemned at synod of 
Yalence, 529. 

Differences of East and W^st; points at 
issue. 

4. The Great Saints of the Age of the Established 
Church, 311-4t6. 

A. St. Gregory iSazianzen. 

Early life and character ; friend of Basil. 

Bishop of Sasima. 

Opposition to Arianism at Constantinople; 

Anastasius. 

B. St. Basil. 

Early life. 

Introduces monasticism into Asia Minor. 

Liturg}' of St. Basil. 

Opposition to Yalens. 

C. St. Athanasius. 

Early life and character. 
Bishop of Alexandria for 40 j^ears. 
Champion for Christianity against Arianism. 
Charges against Athanasius. 

Councils of Tyre and of Jerusalem. 

Banishment to Gaul. 

Three times exiled. 

Character ; work for the Church. 

D. St. Ambrose. 

Appointment as bishop of Milan. 
Conversion of Augustine. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 31 

Ambrose and Gratian ; Theodosius, and Yal- 
entinian II. ; work for the Church. 

E. St. Augustine. 

Early Life. 

Birth and education ; Tagasta ; Madura ; 
Carthage ; Rome. 

Manichsean, Platonist, Sceptic. 

Milan ; influence of St. Ambrose. 
Conversion and baptism. 

Yoice heard in villa at Cassiacum. 
Bishop of Hippo. 
Conflict with Manichseism. 
Conflict with Pelagianism. 
Conflict with Donatism. 
Writings, etc. 

F. St. Jerome. 

Early life at Rome and his return there. 
Hospital in Bethlehem. 
The Vulgate. 
Character ; influence. 

G. St. John Chrystom, (Golden Mouthed). 

Early life at Antioch. 

Constantinople and the Archbishopric. 

Eutropius secures his transfer ; Eutropius 
and Eudoxia. 
Theophilus of Alexandria. 

Council of Chalcedon ; banished 404 ; earth- 
quake and recall. 
Labors for missions. 

Sent to Pityus on the Black Sea. 

Dies at Comanum, 407. 

H. St. Cyril of Alexandria. 

Opposition to Nestorlanism. 

Paschal for year, 429. 

Twelve anathemas. 
Usurpation of civil power. 
Quarrel with Orestes. 



32 POINTS IN CEURCH EISTOBT. 

5. The Church in Britain During the Age of the 
Established Church, 311-476. 

A. The British Church. A missionary Church. 

(1) Three chief centres ; London, York and 

Colchester. 

(2) The Age of the Councils. 

British bishops at Council of Aries, 314. 
British bishops support Athanasius at 

Council of Sardica, 347. 
At Ariminum. 

(3) Pelagianism in Britain. 

Morgan, a Welshman. 
Refuted hy Sts. Germanus and 
Lupus of Gall. 

(4) Conquest of Picts and Scots by Britons. 

Alleluia Battle. 
Aid from Gaul. 

(5) The English Conquest. 

Celts reduced to slavery. 

Churches burned; priests and monks 

driven away. 
Paganism in Britain; days of the 

week. 
British Church took refuge in Wales. 

B. The Irish Church. 

Failure of mission of Palladius. 
The First Order of Irish Saints. 

St. Patrick ; consecrated by a Bishop of 
Gaul. 

C. The Church in Scotland. 

St. Ninian, apostle ; consecrated by Bishop 
of Tours. 
Candida Casa. 

Reference Books for Church History During the 
Age of the Established Church. 

Church Histor}^, Yol. ii. Wordsworth. 

Church History, Yol. i. Robertson, 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 33 

History of Latin Christianity, Yol. i. Milman. 
Church History. Milo Mahan. 
Turning Points of General Church History. Cutts. 
The Fathers for English Readers. 

Augustine, Jerome, Basil, Leo. 
The Church in Italy. National Churches Series. 
Epochs of Church History. Creighton Series. 

The Church and the Roman Empire. 

The Arian Controversy. 
Athanasius, His Life and Works. Reynolds. 
Church Club Lectures, 1893. 

The Church in England. National Churches Series. 
The Church in Ireland. National Churches Series. 
The Church in Scotland. National Churches Series. 
Turning Points in English Church History. Cutts, 
History of Church of England. Eore. 
The Early English Church. Bright. 

\ From Fall of Western Empire to Gregory 
the Great, 476-596. 

The Fall op the Western Empire. 

A. Last days of the Roman Empire. 

First invasion of Italy by Alaric, 402; 

Stilicho. 
Sack of Rome by Alaric, 410. 
Invasion by the Huns ; Attila. 

Battle of Chalons, 451. 

Leo the Great. 
Sack of Rome by the Yandals, 455. 

Eudoxia ; Genseric. 

B. Fall of Rome, 476. 

Odoacer, Augustulus. 
Final blow to paganism. 

C. Regaining of Rome by Eastern Empire under 

Justinian, 553. 
The Rule of the Exarchs of Ravenna. 



D. 



Lombards conquer Northern Italy 
Pavia the capital. 



34 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTOBT, 

2. CONVEESION OF THE BARBARIANS. 

A. Ariaiiism of Barbarians. 

Visigoths ; Burgundians ; Suevi ; Tandals. 

B. Conversion of Clevis and the Franks. 

C. The Yandal Persecution in Africa. 

The Conference at Carthage. 
Persecution ; death of Himneric. 

3. Heresies and Controversies from the Fall of 

Western Empire to G-regory the Great. 

A. Monophysitism. 

The Heresy of the Jacobites. 
The Hereticon. 

B. The Origenistic Disputes. 

C. The Three Chapters or Articles. 

4. The Second Council of Constantinople, 553. 

(The Fifth (Ecumenical.) 
Summoned by Emperor Justinian. 
Absence of Tigilius. 
Three Articles condemned. 
Four Earlier Councils confirmed. 
Yirgilius, excommunicated, submits to the desires 

of the Council. 

5. Monasticism. 

A. Origin. 

In Antiquity ; in the Ancient Law -, in the 
Gospel. 

B. Eastern Monasticism. 

(1) Earliest Forms. 

Ascetic and Hermit life, Paul, etc. 
The Fathers of the Desert. 
The Thebaid. 
Anthony. 

His influence in the Church. 
The number of his disciples. 
His struggle with Arianism. 



POINTS IN CHUBCR HISTORY. 35 

Pacliomius. 

Author of the first written law. 

The Monastery of Tabenne for 
nuns. 
The Two Macarii; in the desert 

of Scetis. 
The Two Amnions ; On Nitre 

Mountains. 

(2) Growth of monasticsm in the East. 

The monks of Sinai. 

Hilarion in Palestine and Cyprus. 

St. Ephrem in Mesopotamia. 

Pillar Saints; St. Simeon Stylites in 

Syria. 
Martyr Monks in Persia. 
St. Basil and St. Gregory in Cappo- 
docia. 
Their work for the Church. 
Opposition to monks from pagans 

and Arians. 
St. John Chrysostom their Apolo- 
gist. 

(3) Decay of raonasticism in the East. 

Slaves of Islamism and accomplices of 
schism. 

C. Western Monasticism. 

(1) Introduction of Monasticism. 
Monasteries of Athanasius. 

His life of Anthony. 
Monasteries of Jerome. 

Life at Chalcis and Bethlehem. 
The Lives of the Fathers of the 

Desert. 
Paula, Marcella, Melania. 
Introduction of Monasticism into 
Africa. 
St. Augustine ; his rule. 
Cenobitical institutions driven back 
to Spain by Yandal Persecutions. 



POINTS IN CSUUCH HISTORY. 

(2) Monasticism in Gaul. 

Establishment of monasticism by Mar- 
tin. 
Influence of St. Athanasius. 
Relation to St. Hilary of Poitiers. 
Monastery of Lerins on the coast of 
Provence. 
Called the " Happy Isle." 
Honaratus. 
A celebrated school of Christian 

theology and philosophy. 
Vincent Lerins ; Test of Catholicity, 
quod semper, quod ubique, quod 
ab omnibus ; Salvian ; St. Lupus. 
The Abbey of St. Victor, Marseilles. 
Founder, John Cassian, 360-433. 
Student of monastic life. 
Institutions ; Conferences. 

First rank among the codes of 
monastic life. 
Separates monks from secular 
clergy; not a seminary as 
Lerins. 
Charged with inventing Semi- 
Pelagian ism. 

(3) The Benedictine Order. 

St. Benedict, 480-543. 
Seclusion at Subiaco. 
Life at Monte Cassino. 

Relation with the Nobility. 
Influence over the Goths. 
The Rule of Benedict. 

Adapted to the individual. 
Two dominant ideas. 
Work; Obedience qualified by 
the nature and the origin of 
the command. 
Establishment of Order in Gaul, 
Spain and Sicil}^ at the death of 
the founder. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 37 

Learning found refuge in Benedic- 
tine cloisters. 
(4) Cassiodorus, 468-568. 

Senator, prefect, last of the Consuls. 
Monastery of Yiviers at Squillace. 
Library. 

The alliance of monastic and intel- 
lectual life. 
Transcription of classical and re- 
ligious writings for their pres- 
ervation and dissemination. 
Claimed by Benedictines as one of their 

order, but without foundation. 
The world reclaimed from the Barbar- 
ians by monks. 

6. The Scoto-Celtic Church, 476-596. 

A. In Wales. 

The schools in Wales ; monasteries. 

Llandaff ; St. Asaph's; St. David's; Bangor. 

Four sees existing till to-day. 

Glastonbury great centre of learning. 
St. David; St. Asaph; St. Padan. 
Missions to Ireland ; Gildas. 
The Church of Cornwall. 

Character of Church as given by Gildas. 
Church without Metropolitans. 

B. In Ireland. 

The Second Order of Irish Saints. 
Missionary spirit. 
St. Columban. 

In Gaul ; Aneygray, Leuxeuil. 

In Switzerland ; St. Gall. 

Letters to Gregory and Boniface. 

C. In Scotland. 

St. Kentigern. 

lona the head of other monasteries in Britain 
and Scotland. 
Columba ; the Culdees. 



38^ POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

D. Characteristics of the Celtic Church. 
Liturgy of the Ephesine family. 
Baptism. 

Calculation of Easter. 

Consecration of Bishops ; anointing of hands. 
Tonsure, etc. 
Latin Yersion of the Bible differing from the 

Yulgate. 
Monastic life. 

Reference Books for Church History from Fall 
of Western Empire to Gregory the Great. 

History of the Christian Church, Yol. ii. Robertson. 
History of Latin Chris tianitj^, Yol. ii. Milman. 
Turning Points of General Church History. Gutts. 
The Church in Italy. National Churches Series. 
The Church in Germany. National Churches Series. 
The Creighton Series. 

The Church and the Roman Empire. 

The Church and the Eastern Empire. 
Mediaeval Church History. Trench. 
The Monks of the West. Montalembert. 
Fathers for English Readers. 

Hilary of Poitiers ; Martin of Tours. 
Church Club Lectures, 1889. 
Early English Church History. Bright. 
Church in England. National Churches Series. 
Histor}^ of Church of England. Eore. 
History of Church of England. Wakeman. 
The Church in Scotland. National Churches Series. 
The Church in Ireland. National Churches Series. 

VI. From Gregory the Great to the Age of 
Charlemagne, 596-778. 

1. The Rise of Mohammedanism. 

A. The Religious Condition of Arabia. 

B. The Prophet Mohammed and his Creed. 



POINTS IN CHUBCH HISTORY, 39 

A. The Progress of Mohammedanism. 

Causes of its Success. 
Extent of progress during this period. 
Destruction of Church in Africa. 

2. The Controversies or the Age. 

B. The Monothelite Controversy. 

(1) The doctrine involved. 

Distinctly formulated by Theodoric of 
Arabia. 

(2) The Ecthesis of Heraclius and the Type 

of Constans. 

(3) The First Lateran Council, 649, 

(4) The Sixth General Council, The Third 

of Constantinople, 680. 
Monothelite Heresy condemned. 

C. The Iconoclastic Controversy. 

(1) Earlier History of the Controversy. 

Early Church opposed to Art. 
The Christians and the Catacombs. 
Christian emblems, the fish {l/fiv^)^ 
dove, Good Shepherd, etc. 
Art allowed in the Time of Constan- 
tine. 
Epiphanius tears down the curtain. 
Leontius of Neapolis defends the use 

of images. 
Monophysites oppose images. 
Serenus of Marseilles. 

Rebuked by Gregory the Great. 

(2) Iconoclasm in the East. First Period 

of Controversy. 
Greek fanc}^ and use of Art. 
Monks turn image-makers. 
Adoration of Images ; miracles attrib- 
uted to them. 
Leo the III., the Isaurian. 

Germanus patriarch of Constanti- 
nople; grounds taken by Ger- 
manus. 



4Q POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

John Damascene ; his arguments. 
Edict of Leo, against images, 730. 
Constantino Capron3^mns, 741. 
Popular insurrection ; Artavasdus. 
Council of Constantinople, 754. 
Grrounds taken in regard to the 

Eucharist. 
Refusal of monks to accept de- 
crees. 
Persecution of monks ; Stephen. 
The Empress Irene. 

Council of Constantinople, 787. 
(3) Second Period of the Controversy. 
(a) In the East. 

Leo the Armenian, 813-820. 
Deposition of the Patriarch 

Nicephorus. 
Theodore Studita, leading ad- 
vocate of images. 
Michael the Stammerer, 820- 

829. 
Theophilus, 840. 

Images reinstated at Coun- 
cil of Constantinople ; 
Feast of Orthodoxy. 
(h) In the West. 

Attitude of the East. 

Papacy upholds image wor- 
shipping party. 
Gregory II. and Leo the 

Isaurian. 
Hadrian I. confirms decrees of 

Nicsea. 
Yiew of Prankish Church as 
to images. 
Council of Gentilly, 767. 
Charlemagne and Alcuin; 

Caroline Books. 
Synod of Frankfort, 794. 
Grounds taken. 



POINTS IN CEUBCH HISTORY. 41 

Hadrian II. and conflict 
with the Frankish 
Church. 
Embassy of Michael the 

Stammerer. 
Louis the Pious and Synod 
of Paris, 828. 
(c) Later History of the Use of Im- 
ages in Eastern and West- 
ern Churches. 
Position of German and English 
Churches in regard to the use 
of images. 

3. Growth of the Western Church, 696-7T8. 
A. In Italy. 

(1) State of the world. 

(2) State of the Church. 

(3) Gregory the Great, 540-604. 

(a) Early life. 

Nuncio to Constantinople. 
Abbot of monastery of St. 
Andrea. 
(5) Election as pope. 

His administration of the 
Church. 
Ecclesiastical system. 
Liturgical reforms. 
Arrangement of Clergy. 
Charities and monastic hos- 
pitality. 
Treatment of sectaries and 

Jews. 
Exertions against paganism. 
His relations with the Lom- 
bards. 
Defence of Rome. 
Conversion of Lombards. 
His struggles against the 
Greeks. 



I 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

With Eutychius. 

With John the Faster. 

With Emperor Maurice. 
His relations with the Franks 
and Burgundians. 

Charter of Autun. 

Yirgilius of Aries. 
His Writings. j 

Sacramentary ; Morals ; The ^ 

Pastoral. 

(4) Popes of Seventh Century Inferior Men. 

Twent}' -four quickly succeed Gregory. 
Honorius I. ; Martin I. 
Gregory II., last pope subject to East- 
ern Emperor. 

(5) Success of Popes in asserting their Su- 

premacy. 
Earlier attempts not successful. 
Innocent I., (402). 
Popes of the Fifth Century. 
Career of Gregory gains Supremacy. 
Boniface III. — title of Universal 

Bishop. 
Strife for temporal supremacy be- 
gins. 
Gregory II. ; popes supreme over 
monarchs. 
Acts independent of Eastern 
Emperor. 

B. In Gaul. 

(1) The Franks and Christianity. 

(2) The Fall of the Prankish Church. 

Royal interference in affairs of Church. 

Kings appoint bishops. 
Conversion of the Alamanni. 

Sts. Columban and Gall. 

Failure of Irish Missions. 
Lack of organizing power. 
Rise of great feudal lords. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 43 

Degradation of the freedmen. 
Degradation of Church complete. 
(3) Winfrid Boniface, 680-755. Apostle of 
Germany. 
Early life. 
His reforms. 

State of the Church when he en- 
tered on his work. 
Founds nine bishoprics. 
Metropolitical authority and eynod- 
ical system revived. 
Fixes metropolitical See. 
Influence of alliance between Church 
and State. 
Charles Martel ; Pepin, etc. 
Battle of Tours, 732. 

C. The Church in Britain from Gregory the Great 
to Age of Charlemagne, 596-778. 
(1) The Mission of Augustine. 

(a) The Conversion of Kent. 

Ethelbert and Bertha; 10,000 

converted. 
Establishment of Cathedral and 
monastery of Canterbury. 
(6) Augustine made Archbishop of 
the English. 
Consecration in Gaul. 
Gregory's advice to Augustine. 
Arrival of four missionaries. 
Mellitus, bishop of London; 
Justus, bishop of Roches- 
ter ; Paulinus. 
Augustine's Conferences with 
the Bishops of Wales. 
Augustine's propositions. 

Reasons for rejection. 
Failure of Conference. 
(c) Conversion of Essex ; Mellitus. 



44 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

(d) Death of Augustine. 

Laurentius archbishop. 
Estimate of the work of Augus- 
tine. 
Character of Augustine. 

(e) Temporary Triumph of Roman 

Mission in North. 
Conversion of Northumbria and 

East Anglia. 
Ethelburga and Edwin. 
Paulinus bishop of York. 
Penda king of Mercia. 

Reestablishment of paganism. 
(/) Failure of Roman Missions. 
Opposition of Irish Bishops. 
Relapses in Kent and Essex. 
Mellitus and Justus driven 
out. 
Overthrow of Church in North- 
umbria. 
Flight of Paulinus. 
Roman mission chiefly in Kent. 
Three distinct lines of succession 
in England. 
Roman in Canterbury, Roch- 
ester and Dunwich. 
Celtic in Northumbria and 

East Anglia. 
Third line in South and West. 
Birinus consecrated by 
archbishop of Milan, 634. 
(2) The Celtic Missionaries. 

(a) Reconversion of Northumbria. 

Oswald sends to Hy for Bishop. 
Aidan : his consecration. 
See at Lindisfarne. 
Life and work. 
(6) Conversion of Mercia; Wessex; 
Sussex. 
Osy; Wilfrid. 



POINTS IN CHUBCH HISTORY, 45 

(c) Reconversion of Essex. 

Cedda bishop of London ; con- 
secration at Lindisfarne. 
(3) The Rise of the National Church in Eng- 
land, 
(a) Condition of the Church. 

Necessity of unity and organi- 
zation. 
(6) Celtic and Roman Communion in 
Britain. 
Chief points of difference. 

Paschal question. 
Conference of Whitby, 664. 
Wilfrid. 

At Lindisfarne ; Lyons ; 

Rome. 
Aims of Wilfrid. 
Colman ; Cedd ; Hilda. 
Roman instead of Celtic us- 
ages prevail. 
Lindisfarne last see to ac- 
cept. 
Consecration of Chad to York, 
(c) Union of Church in Britain under 
one Archbishop. 
{i.) Appointment of Archbishop. 
Election and death of 
Wighard. 
Theodore's Appointment by 
Vitalian. 
Hadrian ; Theodore a Greek 
of Tarsus. 
(n.) Establishment of Theodore 
at Canterbury. 
Visitation of the Island. 
Chad transferred to Lich- 
field ; Wilfrid rein- 
stated in York. 
Prosperity of Church under 
Theodore. 



46 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 



{i.) Organization of 
Synods. 
Three kinds of 

synods. 
Synod of Hert- 
ford, 6T3. Na- 
tional. 

Canons enforced. 
Canonical time 
for keeping 
Easter. 
Resolutions af- 
fecting Bish- 
ops and 
monks. 
Proposed divi- 
sion of dio- 
ceses. 
Synod of Hatfield, 
680. Provincial. 
(ii.) Subdivision of Dio- 
ceses. 
Consecration of 
Cuthbert toLin- 
disfarne. 
Division of York. 
Appeal of Wil- 
frid to Rome. 
Resolution of 
English 
Church to 
maintain 
National In- 
dependence. 
Deposition of 
Wilfrid by 
Theodore. 
Missionary 
work of 
Wilfrid. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 47 

Friesland; first 
English mis- 
sionary. 
South Sax- 
ons; Isle of 
Wight. 
Reconciliation of 
Theodore and 
Wilfrid. 
Wilfrid rein- 
stated in 
York. 
Death of Theo- 
dore. 
Further trouble 
with Wilfrid. 
Second appeal 
to Rome; 
banishment. 
Appointment 
as bishop of 
Hexam. 
(m.) Establishment of 
Parochial Sys- 
tem. 
Building and en- 
dowment of 
Churches. 
Custom of paying 
tithes to parish 
priests. 
Ministrations of 
Parish priests. 
(iv.) Advancement of 
Learning. 
Monastic Schools. 
St. Augustine's 
Canterbury. 
Personal in- 
fluence of 



48 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTOBT. 



Hadrian and 
Theodore. 
Curriculum 
then intro- 
duced, rude 
outline of 
modern sys- 
tem of edu- 
cation. 
Monasteries be- 
come efficient 
schools. 
Adhelm at Mal- 

mesbury. 
Advancement of 
Church Music. 
Dooms of Ina ; 
due to Adhelm's 
instigation. 
First successful 
attempt at un- 
ion with Welsh 
Church. 
Bosa and his Suc- 
cessors at 
York. 
Archbishops Eg- 
bert and Al- 
bert. 

Cloister school 

of York 

founded by 

Egbert. 

Alcuin scholar 

and teacher. 

Wearmouth and 

J arrow. 
Benedict Biscop; 
Bede. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 49 

Reference Books for Church History from Greg- 
ory to Age of Charlemagne. 

History of Christian Church, Yol. ii. Eohertson. 
History of Latin Christianity, Vol. ii. Milman, 
Turning Points of General Church History. Cvtts, 
Mediaeval Church History. Trench. 
National Churches Series. 

The Church in Italy. 

The Church in Germany. 

The Church in France. 
Monks of the West. MontalemherL 
Church Club Lectures, 1893. 
Fathers for English Readers. 

Gregory the Great ; St. John Damascene. 
The Church and the Eastern Empire, Epochs of 

Church History. Creighton Series. 
Early English Church History. Bright, 
History of English Church. Hore. 
History of English Church. Wakeman. 
Documents Illustrative of English History. Gee and 
Hardy. 

VII. Charlemagne and His Successors, 778-911. 

1. Growth op Alliance Between Rome and the 
Franks. 

A. Services of Charles Martei to the Church. 

Alliance of pope with Charles Martei ; pope 
a temporal power. 

B. Pepin and Rome. 

Deposition of Chilperic by Zacharias. 
Stephen's appeal to Pepin. 

Failure to obtain help from East or treat 

with Lombards as Zacharias had. 
Three letters to Pepin ; St. Peter's. 
Pope a temporal prince. 

Large cessions of cities and territory to 

Roman See by Pepin. 
Extortion from Desiderius ; Ferrara, etc. 



50 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

2. Accession of Charlemagne. 

A. His Campaigns. 

Against the Lombards. 

Donation of land to Leo, a confirmation of 
Pepin's grant. 
Hadrian's letter urging the " Donation 

of Constantine." 
All of Italy ; Exarchate of Ravenna. 
Against the Saracens in Spain ; Roland. 
Against the pagan Saxons. 

B. Restoration of the Empire in the West. 

Coronation of Charlemagne, 800 ; what it im- 
plied. 

C. Reformation of the Church. 

Sy nodical Reforms. 

Nature of early Saxon Council; position 
of clergy and laity. 
Ecclesiastical legislation. 
Monastic Reforms. 

Chrodegang ; Benedict of Amiens. 
The Missi. 
Measures for the conversion of the Heathen. 

D. Intellectual Progress. 

Palatine and monastic schools. 
Aleuin ; collection of manuscripts. 

E. Controversies. 

The Prankish doctrine as to images. 

The Caroline Books. 
Adoptionism. 

Elipand and Felix ; Synod of Ratisbon, 
792. 
Filioque. 

Spain and Arian Yisigoths. 

Council of Aix, 809. 

Leo III. 

Reception of Filioque clause in West. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 51 

3. The Successors of Charlemagne. 

A. Louis the Pious, 814-840. 

Without ambition or ability to rule. 
Council of Aix La Chapelle. 

B. Division of the Empire. 

Treaty of Yerdun, 840. 

Rise of modern kingdoms, Italy, France, 
Germany, etc. 
Causes in Italy operating toward dismember- 
ment of the Empire. 
Rise of great nobles in Italy. 
Dukes of Spoleto, Tuscany, etc. 
Marquis of Ivria, Friuli, etc. 
Berengar, king of Italy. 
Popes nominated by opposing factions. 
Formosus calls in aid of Arnulf of Ger- 
many. 
Stephen's treatment of body of For- 
mosus. 
Invasion of Heathen; Hungarians, Nor- 
mans. 

C. Growth of the Roman See. 

Defeat of Emperor of the East. 
Zacharias deposes last of Merovingians. 
Temporal power of popes begins. 

Pepin's gift of " States of the Church " to 

Zacharias. 
Pepin cedes Rome and Exarchate of 
Ravenna to Stephen II. 
" The Donation of Constantine.'' 
Popes temporal princes in Italy. 
Gift confirmed by Charlemagne. 
Papacy gains a spiritual power commensurate 

with " Holy Roman Empire." 
Power increased and territory extended under 

weak Carolingians. 
Condition of Empire favors growth of papacy. 



52 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Zacharias elected without consent of Em- 
peror or Exarch. 
Stephen lY., 816 and Paschal, 817 elected 

without confirmation and consent. 
Sergius II., elected without consent. 
Leo lY., 847 consecrated with reservation 
of imperial rights. 
First pope to put his name before the 
Emperor and refuse the title Dominus. 
Nicholas II., 858. 

Theutberga and Lothair. 

Interference in the East between Photius 

and Ignatius. 
Humiliation of great prelates on the 
Rhine. 
John YIII., gets from Chas. the Bald the 
acknowledgment of the pope to bestow 
the imperial crown. 
Consent of Chas. to decree of Ravenna, 
877 which makes the approval of pope 
indispensable to the investiture of 
metropolitan. 

D. Rise and Growth of Feudalism. 

Nobles become an hereditary order. 
Inroads of Northmen and Saracens. 

E. Doctrinal Controversies. 

(1) Predestination. 

Hincmar ; Raban Maur ; Gottschalk ; 

Ratramn ; Scotus. 
The Three Questions. 
Synod of Quercj^, 853. 

Catholic doctrine asserted. 
Synod of Yalence, 855. 

Controversy closed. 

(2) The Eucharistic Controversy. 

Paschasius Radbert's treatise; De 
Corpore. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 53 

Statement of Pascbasius uot tran- 
substantiation. 
Treatise of Ratramn or Scotus. 

Distinction between Figure and 

Trutb. 
Beginning of controvers}^ between 

Nominalists and Realists. 
Ratramn beld Real Presence but 
denied carnal Presence. 
(3) The False Decretals. 

Represent gradual growth of Papacy. 

(a) Collection of Dionysius Exi- 

guus, 498-514. 
Collection of canons of gen- 
eral and chief provincial 
councils. 

(b) Collection of Isidore of Seville, 

633-636. 
Additions in ninth century, 

Pseudo-Isidore. 
Objects contradictory. 

The complete independence 

of Bishops. 
The advancement of the 
papal power. 
Constitution and government 

of Church changed. 
Foundation of papal Infalli- 
bility. 
Decrees of every council 
require papal confirma- 
tion. 
Fulness of power resides in 
pope alone. 
Letters of early bishops ; let- 
ter of St. Peter's sent to 
Pepin, etc. 
Use made by Nicholas I., 
858-867. 



54 POINTS IN CEUBCH HISTORY, 



Change of canon against 

appeal to Rome. 
Influence over Frankish 
bishops. 
(c) Gregory YII., and the Forger- 
ies, 1073. 
Sj'stera of Church Law. 
Auselm of Lucca, nephew 

of Alexander II. 
Isidorian for-geries put into 
convenient working 
shape. 
Kew inventions and inter- 
polations. 
Exaltation of papal preroga- 
tive. 
Deusdedit and his inven- 
tions. 
Axiom, the lesser must 
always 3'ield to the 
greater, i. e., Councils 
and Fathers to the 
Pope. 
Dictatus of Gregory. 

Maxims in advance of 

previous forgeries. 
Pope lawfully appointed 

is holy and infallible. 
Axiomatic facts of Greg- 
ory. 
Innocent I. excommu- 
nicated the Emperor 
Arcadius. 
Zacharias deposed 

Chilperic. 
The Donation of Con- 
stantine a valuable 
document. 
{d) Gratian's Decretum. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 55 

Bologna, middle twelfth cen- 
tury. 
Isidorian forgeries combined 
with those of Gregorian 
writers, Deusdedit, Anselm 
of Lucca, Gregory of Pavia, 
with additions of Gratian. 
Inventions of Gratian. 

Changes canon giving su- 
premacy to Constantino- 
ple with Rome. 
Reduces five Patriarchates 

to four. 
New interpretation of canon 
forbidding appeal to 
Rome. 
System of religious perse- 
cution. 
Execution of heretics. 
Introduction of Inquisi- 
tion. 
Manual and canonical code 
of the West. 
Acted on in Roman 

court. 
Taught at Bologna. 
(e) Raymond's Code, 1238. 
Gregory IX. instigator. 
Raymond, Dominican ; house 
of Arragon. 
Jurist at Bologna. 
Work ; an abbreviation of 
former Decretals, with De- 
cretals of Gregor3^ IX. 
Authorized text in all courts 
and schools of law. 

4. The English Church before the Conquest. 
A. The Decadence of the Church. 



56 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

(1) Deterioration of Monasteries ; Ethelbald. 

Council of Cloveshoo, 74Y. 

Letters of Alcuin and Boniface. 
Canons relating to discipline and 

government of Church. 
Litany Days and Ember Fasts ap- 
pointed. 
Roman Martyrology received. 

(2) Deterioration of Learning. 

(3) Intimate relation of Church and State. 

Secularization of Church ; Ethelbald. 
Disintegration of Church. 

Establishment of Archbishopric at 
Lichfield for fifteen years. 
Ofla's appeal to the pope. 
Consent of pope ; Quid pro quo ; 
Offa gives large sum and re- 
ceives two papal legates. 
Concessions to Rome. 
Peter's Pence. 

Grant to Church of tenth in his do- 
main. 
Ethelwulf; Law of State as well 
as Church. 

(4) The Danish Invasion. 

Saxon Heptarchy; Egbert ; St. Swithin. 
Destruction of monasteries and 
Churches. 
Canterbury, York, Lindisfarne, 
Whitb}^, Hexam, Jarrow and 
others. 
Libraries founded by Theodore, Ha- 
drian and Biscop. 
York cut ofi" from rest of Church. 
Martyrdom of Edmund. 

B. Reign of Alfred and his Successors. 
Peace of Wedmore ; Danelagh. 
Revival of religion. 

Revival of monasteries and learning. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 67 

John Scotus Erigena. 

Translations of parts of Scripture ; Bede's 
History ; Pastoral of Gregory the 
Great, etc. 

Yacant sees filled with worthy Bishops. 
Archbishop Plegmund. 
Union of Welsh and English Churches. 

Protection given Wales. 

Appointment of Asser to Sherborne. 
Harmony between Church and State. 

" The Bishop and Ealdorman sat side by 
side in the Shire-mote to expound God's 
law and the world's law " ; All offences 
against the State punished by Civil 
power; offences against Church by 
clergy. 

The Church a link between different grades 
of society. 
Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, 924. 

Reforms at Glastonbury. 

Enforcement of rule of Benedict ; clerical 

celibacy. 
Establishment of fifty monasteries. 

National policy ; adviser to seven kings. 

Rivalry between regular and secular clergy. 
Renewal of Danish Invasion. 

Murder of Archbishop ^Ifeah. 

Conquest of English by Canute ; conver- 
sion to Christianity. 

Edward the Confessor. 

Attempts to Romanize the Church of Eng- 
land. 
Influence of Normans in England. 
Robert, Archbishop of Canterbur}^ for- 
merly abbot of Jumieges. 
Priories founded and filled with Norman 
monks. 
Normans driven out of England. 
Stigand made archbishop. 






58 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Assertion of royal supremacy in laws of Ed- 
ward. 
Building of Westminster Abbe3^ 

Reference Books for Church History During the 
Age of Charlemagne and His Successors. 

History of Latin Christianity, Vol. iii. Milman. 
Mediaeval Church History. Trench. 
Turning Points in General Church History. Cutis. 
The Beginning of the Middle Ages. Church. 
History of the Christian Church, Yol. iii. Robertson. 
History of the Middle Ages, Vol. i. Hallam. 
National Churches Series. 

Church in Italy. 

Church in France. 

Church in Germany. 
Church Club Lectures, 1894. 
St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Storrs. 
The Pope and the Council. Janus. 
History of English Church. Hore. 
History of English Church. Wakeman. 
Turning Points of English Church History. Cutts. 
Documents Illustrative of English Church History. 

Gee and Hardy. 

VIII. From Age of Charlemagne to Hildebrand, 
9U-1073. 

1. The Degradation of the Papacy. 

A. Anti-German Party strong in Rome after the 

departure of Arnulf 

B. The Pornocracj^ Period. 

Theodora and her daughters control papacy 
for fifty years. 
Adalbert of Tuscany ; Sergius III. ; John X. 
Trouble with the Saracens. 

Berengar made king of Italy. 
Hugh of Aries governs Rome for twenty 
years. 
Set aside by stepson Alberic. 

C. Rapid papal succession. 



POINTS IN CEURCH HISTORY. 59 

D. Boys appointed to papacy. 

John XII. at 18; Benedict IX. at 12; Octa- 
vian. 

2, The Othos and the Revival of the Papacy. 

A. Otto the Great, 951-972. 

Henry the Fowler and the Saxon line. 

Made Imperator Augustus at Rome by John 
XII., 962. 

Degradation of John XII. ; Leo YIII. put in 
his place. 

Second degradation of John XII. ; Romans 
elect Benedict X. 

John XIII. driven out by Republican fac- 
tion ; restored by Otto. 

B. Otto III., 983-1002. 

Minority of Otto, 983-996. 

Authorit}^ of Roman Republic; Crescen- 
tius. Pope John XY. 
Receives imperial crown from Gregory Y. 

The first German pope. 
Gerbert, Sylvester II., made pope after Greg- 
ory Y. 

The first French pope. 

His Saracenic learning. 

First to suggest the Crusades. 

3. The Decline of the Papacy under the Tusculan 

Popes. 
Papacy on death of Otto falls into hands of counts 

of Tusculum. 
Benedict IX. sells papacy to John Gratian, arch- 
priest of Rome. 
Gregory YI. 
Sylvester III. elected by Romans ; three popes. 
Benedict of Tusculan party. 
Sylvester of rival faction. 
Gregory the pope of the people. 
The Emperor Henry III. 

Synod of Sutri ; three popes deposed. 



60 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

4. The German Popes Restored. 
Clement II. 
Council at Rome to reform the Church, 1047. 
Benedict IX. reasserts his claim ; Council of 
Spires. 
Leo IX. 
Influence of Hildebrand. 
The struggle with simony and concubinage. 
Sjmod at Rome, 1049. 
Yisitation beyond the Alps. 
Council of Rheims, 1049. 
The French Hierarchy. 

Council of Mentz. 
Hugh of Langres ; Bishops of Nevers and of 
Coutance. 
Advancement of the Papac}^ 
Normans in South Italy ; Leo's defeat. 
Conflict between Grreek and Roman Churches. 
Victor 11. elected by clergy and people. 
Nicholas II. 

Conflict with clergy of Milan on subject of mar- 
riage. 
Peter Damiani sent as legate to Milan. 
Milan made subject to Roman See. 
Election to papacy, 1059. 

Elected by Cardinals, ratified by clergy and 

laity, confirmed by Emperor. 
Alexander II., Anselm of Lucca, elected without 

reference to Emperor. 
Honorius antipope. 
Alliance with the Normans. 

Reference Books for Church History from the 
Age of Charlemagne to Hildebrand. 

The Middle Ages, Yol. i. Hallam. 

History of the Christian Church, Yol. Iv. Mobertson. 

Turning Points in General Church History. Cutts. 

Church Club Lectures, 1894. 

The Monks of the West. Montalemhert. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 61 

The Church in Italy. National Churches Series. 
The Church in Germany. National Churches Series. 

IX. From Hildebrand to The Babylonish Ex- 
ile, 1073-1305. 

1. Hildebrand and his Times. 

A. Early Life and Influence on the Papacy. 

B. Election of Hildebrand as pope. 

(1) The Reformation of the Church. 

Opposition of Milan against marriage 

of clergy. 
Synod of Rome, 1074. 

Canons against simony and clerical 
marriage. 
Synod of Rome, 1075. 
Right of investiture by any layman 
abolished. 
Missionary activities. 

(2) Conflict between Church and State. 

Early life and character of Henry lY. 
War on investiture. 

Communication between Gregory 

and Henry. 
Council of Worms, 1076. 

Counter depositions of Gregory 
and Henry. 
Diet of Tribur. 
Henry at Canossa; rival emperor 

and pope. 
War in Germany. 

Henry in Italy ; Gregory withdraws 
to Salerno ; death. 

(3) Relations with Countess Matilda. 

Donations of Matilda. 

(4) Gregory's ambition to establish a uni- 

versal theocracy. 
Treatment of Berengar. 
His views of the Superiority of the 
Church. 

Use of the Decretals. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Synod of Rome, 1076; Dictates. 
Claims of the papacy over Hungary, 
France and Spain, etc. 

The Papacy at its Height. 

A. Urban II., 1095-1099. 

Preparations for tlie Crusades; Peter the 
Hermit; the fulfilment of Gregory's 
plan. 
Council of Clermont, 1095. 
Council of Bari, 1098. 

Debate on Filioque between Greek and 
Latin Churches. 

B. Paschal II., 1106-1118. 

Contest concerning Investiture. 

Compact between Henry and Paschal. 
Condemned in Italy and France. 
Repudiation of Paschal. 

C. Pontificates of Gelasius and Calixtus, 1118- 

1119. 
Strife over Investiture ended. 

Concordat of Worms ratified at First 

Lateran Council, 1123. 
Triumph for the Church. 

D. Innocent II. 

Second Lateran Council, 1139. 
Canons regarding discipline. 
The Truce of God. 

E. Eugenius III., 1145. 

Second crusade ; St. Bernard. 

F. Adrian lY., 1154 ; Rise of Guelphs and Ghib- 

belines. 

G. Alexander IIL, 1159-1181. 

Rival elections. 

Council of Pavia. 

Surrender of Milan ; Lombard League. 

Third Lateran Council, 1179. 

Election of popes in hands of College of 
Cardinals. 

Canonization left to popes. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 63 

H. Clement III. 

Third Crusade, 1187. 

Henry of England; Philip Augustus of 

France ; Frederick Barbarossa. 
Fourth Crusade; Richard Coeur de Lion ; 
failure. 
I. Innocent III. and his Times, 1198-1216. 
Election of Innocent. 
Early life and character. 
Establishment of his power over Rome. 
Affairs in Sicily ; Frederick II. 
Innocent and Germany. 

Rival elections of Philip and Otho. 
Innocent and France. 
Philip Augustus; Agnes de Merania; In- 

geburga. 
Influence of papacy for good. 
Innocent and England. 
Latin conquest of Constantinople; Fifth 

Crusade, 1204. 
Fourth Lateran Council, 1215. 

Canon I., doctrine of Transubstantiation. 
Canon XXI., Confession once a year to 
parish priest and receiving of Holy 
Eucharist at Easter. 
Rise of Free Thought. 

Charges against Frederick ; Three im- 
postors. 
Spread of heretical opinions. 
Paulicians, Patarini, Cathari. 
Albigenses; Crusade against them. 
Waldenses ; Poor Men of Lyons ; Hu- 

miliati. 
Stedingers; Beguines ; Apostolicals; 
Brethren of the Free Spirit. 
J. Boniface YIII., 1294-1303. 

(a) Rise of Nationalism in France. 
Battle of Bouvines, 1214. 
St. Louis, 1226, first constitutional 
monarch. 



64 FOINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Pragmatic Sanction. 
(b) Philip the Fair. 

The Four Bulls. 

(1) Clericis Laicos; Philip's an- 

swer. 

(2) Ineffabilis Amoris; reply of 

Philip. 

(3) Asculta Filii. 

Question of lesser Bull and 

its validity. 
Philip burns the Bull. 

(4) Unam Sanctam. 

William of Nogaret appeals to 
general Council. 

3. Growth of Monasticism from Hildebrand to 
Babylonish Exile. 
A. New Orders. 

(1) Carthusians, 1084. 

Rule ; Bruno of Cologne ; Chartreuse. 
Extreme rigor of the Order. 

(2) Cistercians, 1098. 

Rule; white dress; Citeaux. 
St. Bernard. 

Early life ; Clairvaux. 
Influence on the Papacy. 

Innocent II. and the Second 

Lateran Council, 1139. 
Innocent II. and the antipope 

Anacletus. 
Eugenius III. 
As a Theologian. 

Doctrine of the Immaculate Con- 
ception. 
Opinions of the Holy Eucharist ; 
the Atonement. 
Relation to general European affairs. 
Controversy with Abelard. 
Preaching of Second Crusade; 
France, Germany. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 65 

Partiality in contest for See of 
York. 
Intellectual Movement of the Age. 
I5"ominalism. 

Roscellin; Abelard; Arnold of 
Brescia. 
Rivalry of Cluniacs and Cistercians. 
Bernard's Apology; Peter of 

Cluny. 
Degeneracy of Cistercians. 

B. The Military Orders. 

Origin in Crusades ; blending of monk and 

soldier. 
Subject only to pope. 
The Knight Templars, 1118. 

Change from lay order to receive clergy. 

Release from jurisdiction by Innocent III. 

Honorius IV. and Gregory X. ; exemption 
from tithes. 

Result ; growth of wealth ; Grand Master 
independent Suzerain. 
The Hospittallers, 1113. 
The Teutonic Knights. 

C. The Mendicant Orders. 

(a) The Dominicans. 

St. Dominic, 1170-1221. 
Formation of order of friar preachers. 
For combatting heresy. 
Revival of Inquisition. 

Founding of Inquisition in time of 
Justinian. 
(6) The Franciscans. 

St. Francis, 1182-1226 ; in Egypt ; the 

Stigmata. 
Formation of Friars Minor. 

Devoted to poverty. 
Contest with the Dominicans. 
Differences between Dominicans and 

Franciscans. 



66 POINTS IN CHUBCS HISTORY. 

(e) The Later Augustinians. 
(d) The Carmelites. 

4. The Schoolmen and the Mystics. 

A. Causes of the rise of Scholastic Theology. 

Great mental activity. 
Increased study of Aristotle. 
Absence of any material for thought except 
that furnished by the Church. 

B. Earlier Schoolmen. 

Scotus Erigena, Lanfranc, the forerunners. 
St. Anselm, 1033-1109, the founder. 
Abelard and Bernard of opposite schools of 

thought. 
Peter Lombard ; his manual. 

C. Union of Scholasticism and Mysticism. 

The Monastery of St. Victor; Hugo and 
Richard. 

D. The Schoolmen and the Mendicant Orders. 

(1) Growth and influence of Mendicant 

Orders. 
Pillars and supports of papal mon- 
archy. 
Papal legates independent of Bishops. 
Encroachments on rights of parish 

priests. 
Control of Universities. 

Bologna, school of canon law. 

Paris, centre of dialectics, etc. 

Oxford, Robert Grosseteste. 
Use of the Inquisition. 

Gregory XX. gave office in per- 
manence to Dominicans, to be 
exercised in the name and au- 
thorit}' of the pope. 

(2) Differences between Dominicans and 

Franciscans. 
Dominicans, nominalists ; Franciscans, 

realists. 
Dominicans, Ajigustinian theory of 



FOINTS m CHURCH HISTORY. 67 

grace and free will; Franciscans, 
Semi-Pelagian. 
Difi'erences as to doctrines of Atone- 
ment, Transubstantiation, the Im- 
maculate Conception, etc. 

(3) Eminent Schoolmen. 

Alexander Hales, the " Doctor of 
Doctors." 
An Englishman and a Franciscan. 
Leader of the Schoolmen. 
Introduction of syllogism into 
reasoning. 
Albertus Magnus, 1260. 

Real founder of Dominican system 
of Doctrine. 
Thomas Aquinas, the " Angelical 
Doctor." 
Greatest leader of the Dominicans ; 

Thomists. 
Summa Theologica. 
Bonaventura, John of Fidanza, the 
" Seraphic Doctor," 1221-1274. 
Combines mystical element with 

scholastic dialectics. 
Champion of doctrine of Immaculate 

Conception. 
Canonized by Sixtus lY., 1482. 
Duns Scotus, 1308, the " Subtle Doc- 
tor." 
" The Wittiest of the Schoolmen." 
Greatest leader of the Franciscans ; 
Scotists. 
Roger Bacon, the " Wonderful Doc- 
tor." 
William of Ockham, the " Singular 
and Invincible Doctor." 
Revival of Nominalism. 

(4) Degeneracy of Schoolmen. 

Defence of superstition and pretence. 
Withdrawal of cup from laity ; 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

transubstantiation, simony ; pur- 
gatory ; indulgences ; burning of 
heretics, etc. - 

Devotional use of Scripture thrown 
into background ; use of Manuals. 

Too great stress laid on human teach- 
ing and argument. 

Replaced by the New Learning of the 
Renaissance. 

Gabriel Biel, 1495, last schoolman of 
any note. 
(5) The German Mystics of the Fourteenth 
Century. 

Eckart, ethical; Tauler, practical; 
Nicholas of Basle; Ruysbroek, con- 
templative; Suso, poetical; John 
Gerson, IJniversity of Paris; 
Thomas a Kempis, the ascetic. 

The Mystics and the Reformation. 
Luther and the Mystics. 
The Anabaptists. 

English Church History from Hildebrand to 
THE Babylonish Exile. 
A. The Anglo Norman Period, 1066-1216. 
(1) The Norman Conquest, 1066-1087. 

Introduction of continental ideas of 
religion by William. 
Papal legates invited; Stigand de- 
posed. 
Lanfranc made archbishop. 
Separation of civil and ecclesiastical 

courts. 
Revival of monasticisra. 

Abbeys exempted from episcopal 

jurisdiction. 
Saxon bishops and abbots de- 
posed. 
Lanfranc's controversy with Thomas 
of York. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 69 

Synod of London. 
Independence of England to Pope. 
William refuses to do fealty. 
Bishops vassals of crown. 
Building of Churches. Norman archi- 
tecture. 
Rebuilding of Cathedral at Canter- 
bury, Lanfranc. 
Minster of York, Thomas; St. 
Paul's commenced ; Worcester, 
Wulfstan ; Rochester, Gundulf; 
Lincoln, Remigius. 
(2) The Struggle between Church and 
State, 1087-1176. 
(a) Effects of the Conquest on the 
Church. 
Close connection with the Pa- 
pacy. 
Growth of canon law. 
Increased discipline of clergy. 
Introduction of feudal ideas. 
(6) Anselm Archbishop of Canter- 
bury. 
Early History. 
Dispute with William II. 

Journey to Rome. 
Accession of Henry I. 

Refusal of homage for tem- 
poralities. 
Settlement of dispute by 
compromise. 
Work of Anselm for the Churchc 
Enforcement of canons of 
Council of Westminster, 
1102. 
Extension of Monastic sys- 
tem. 
Cluniacs, Cistercians, Car- 
thusians. 



70 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Great influence of his charac- 
ter, 
(c) Encroachments of Rome on the 
English Church. 
Ralph, Archbishop of Canter- 
bury ; Thurston, Archbishop 
of York. 
Dispute settled by pope advan- 
tageously for Rome. 
Papal legatus a latere super- 
sedes legatus natus. 
Church during reign of Stephen 
bound close to Rome. 
Theobald, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury ; Bishop of Win- 
chester, papal legate, his 
superior. 
New monasteries erected ; 
bishops secularized. 
{d) Thomas-a-Becket, Archbishop of 
Canterbury. 
Determination to resist royal 

encroachments. 
Council of Westminster, 1163. 

Immunities of the Clergy. 
Council of Clarendon, 1164. 
The Constitution of Claren- 
don. 
Drawn up by grand jus- 
ticiar, Richard de Luce. 
The six years Contest. 

Council of Northampton ; 

triumph of King. 
Escape of Becket to France. 
Resignation of archbishop- 
ric to pope. 
Renewed controversy be- 
tween Canterbury and 
York. 
Coronation of young king 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTOBT. 71 

by archbishop of York; 
suspension of archbishop 
by pope. 
Return of Becket ; death. 
Victory of Rome. 
(3) The Church and English Liberty, in6- 
1216. 
(o) Close alliance with the papacy. 
Disputed election of Canter- 
bury. 
Innocent III. appoints Lang- 
ton. 
Question of appeals and of pa- 
pal legates. 
John vassal of pope. 
(6) Quarrel between John and pope. 

Submission of John. 
(c) Quarrel between John and his 
subjects. 
The Army of God and the 

Church. 
Magna Charta. 
B. The Intrusion of Papal Supremacy into the 
Church of England, 1216-1305. 

(1) The Encroachments and exactions of 

the Church of Rome. 
Claims of popes to patronage of liv- 
ings. 
Provisions, expectatives, mandates. 
Right of appointing archbishops. 
Rise of friars. 

Exemption by the pope from Bish- 
ops. 

(2) Opposition to encroachments of Rome. 

The Baron's War; Simon de Mont- 
fort. 

. King and Pope against Church and 
Barons. 

List of grievances against pope drawn 
up. 



72 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTOBY, 

Contributions to pope forbidden. 
Growth of national movement against 

pope. 
Grosseteste's opposition to pope. 

His remonstrances. 

Learning, sanctity and influence of 
Grosseteste. 

Roger Bacon and Adam Marsh. 
The pope's claim of Scotland. 
The Statute of Carlisle, 130t. 
Edward I. and Boniface YIII. 

Bulls Unam Sanctam and Clericis 
Laicos. 
(3) The Struggle between Church and State 

during the reign of Edward I. 
Legal enactments of Edward. 

Statute of Mortmain, 1279. 

Statute of Circumspecte Agatis, 
1285. 

Attempts to tax the Church. 
Rise of Convocation under Archbishop 

Peekham. 
The Convocation of 1296 ; Archbishop 
Winchelsey. 

Clergy plead Bull Clericis Laicos. 

Reference Books for Church History from Kilde- 
brand to Babylonish Exile. 

History of the Middle Ages, Vol. i. Eallam. 

History of the Christian Church, Yols. iv. and v. 
Robertson. 

Latin Christianity, Yols. iii. and iv. Milman. 

Mediaeval Church History. Trench. 

The Church in Italy. I^ation Churches Series. 

The Church in Germany. !N^ational Churches Series. 

The Church in France. National Churches Series. 

The Beginning of the Middle Ages. Church. 

Hildebrand and His Times. Epochs of Church His- 
tory. Creighton's Series. 



POINTS IN CHUBGH HISTORY, 73 

The Monks of the West. Monfalemhert, 
Turning Points in General Church History. Cutis, 
Bernard of Clairvaux. Storrs, 
St. Francis of Assisi. Sahatier. 
History of Civilization. Guizot. 
The Pope and the Council. Janus. 
Hours with the Mystics. Vaughan. 
History of the English Church. More. 
History of the English Church. Wakeman, 
Church Club Lectures, 1889. 

The Church in England. National Churches Series. 
Documents Illustrative of English Church History. 
Gee and Hardy, 

X. From the Babylonish Exile to the Refor- 
mation, 1303-1487. 

1. The Babylonish Exile, 1303-1 37 T. 

A. Transfer of papal see to Avignon. 

Roman Curia divided on the death of Boni- 
face YIII. 

Election of Clement Y., 1305-1314. 
Conditions of Philip Augustus. 
Bulls Unam Sanctam and Clericis Laicos 

explained. 
Persecution of memory of Boniface YIII. 

B. Persecution of military orders. 

Charges ; condemnation in France and Eng- 
land. 

C. John XXII. 

Persecution of lepers. 

Taxation ; annates. 

Trouble with the Franciscans. 

His heresy ; Nicholas Y., antipope. 

D. Popes during period of Exile, following John 

XXII. 
Benedict XII. ; Clement YI. ; Innocent YI. ; 
Urban Y. ; Gregory XI. removes to Rome ; 
end of Babylonish Exile. 

E. Moral result of removal to Avignon. 



74 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Decay of moral influence of papacy. 
Increase of luxury and taxation. 
F. Effort to define limit of civil and ecclesiastical 

power. 
Dante's De Monarchia; William of Ockham ; 

Marsilius of Padua, " Defensor Pacis." 

2. The Great Schism of the West, 1378-1409. 

A. The rival popes. 

Urban VI., Naples, Italian party. 
Clement TIL, Avignon, French party. 

B. Exactions of rival popes Benedict XIII. and 

Boniface IX. 

C. Attempts to heal the Schism. 

The TJniversity of Paris. 

D. Other popes during the Schism. 

Innocent YII. ; Gregory XII. 

E. Effect of Schism in destroying the influence of 

papacy ; Fatal to Infallibility Dogma. 

F. French and Italian Cardinals call for Council 

of Pisa. 
Rival councils under Gregory and Benedict. 

3. The Prereformation Period, 1409-1487. 

A. The Prophets of the Reformation. 

(1) Larger meaning of the word prophet. 

Bridget of Sweden; Catherine of 
Sienna; Joachim ofFiori. 

Demand at this time for change ; mix- 
ture of good and evil. 

Reformation began in demand for 
practical reform not on doctrinal 
grounds. 

(2) John Wickliffe, 1324-1384. 

Lollardy. 

(3) John Huss, 1369-1416. 

Educated at Prague ; made rector of 

University. 
King in mortal sin no king ; objection 

of Cardinal Cambray and of Sigis- 

mund. 



POINTS IN CEUBCH HISTORY. 75 

John Gerson against Hubs. 
Condemned at Council of Constance. 

(4) Jerome of Prague. 

(5) Savonarola, 1452-1498. 
B. The Reforming Councils. 

(1) The Council of Pisa, 1409. 

Not an ecclesiastical council, a 

European congress. 
Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. 

cited and refuse to appear ; deposed 

by Council. 
Two questions before the Council. 
Mistake of electing Alexander Y. ; 

three popes. 

(2) The Council of Constance, 1414. 

Summoned by Sigismund to heal the 

schism. 
Opening of the Council. 

Sermon of Cardinal D'Ailly. 

Yote by nations ; significance of this. 
Proceedings of the Council. 

Question as to supremacy of council 
or pope. 

Charges against John ; his depo- 
sition ; resignation of Gregory ; 
dealings with John. 

Trial of Huss. 

Communion in one kind made ob- 
ligatory. 

Election of Martin Y., a Colonna. 
The founder of Ultramontansim, 

(3) The Council of Basle, 1433-1443. 

Opposition of Eugenius. 

Cardinal Caesarini. 
Right of Yoting. 

Pisa a council of Cardinals. 

Constance, vote by nation. 

Basle democratic ; voting by depu- 
tations. 
Proceedings of the Council. 



TOINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Trouble with the Bohemians ; Com- 

pactata. 
Against the Roman See. 
Opposition to Eugenius. 
Reformation of taxation ; annates, 
provisions, etc. 
Negotiations with the Greek Church. 
Main points of difference. 
Procession of Holy Ghost. 
Use of unleavened bread. 
Supremacy of pope. 
Doctrine of purgatory. 
Removal to Ferrara. 
Pope deposed. 
Decree in favor of Immaculate 

Conception. 
Felix Y., antipope. 
Council at Florence. 
(4) Result of the Reforming Councils. 
Failure as to desired object. 
Establishment of principle that popes 

are subordinate to councils. 
Return to practice of early Christians, 
when councils were convened by 
Emperor and not by pope. 
C. Renaissance and the decline of the Papacy. 
(1) The Renaissance. 

(a) Causes for the Awakening. 
Effects of the Crusades. 
Growth of great cities. 
Influence of Saracenic learning. 
Discovery of printing; improve- 
ments in making paper; Cax- 
ton & Aldus. 
Fall of Constantinople; Greek 

manuscripts in Europe. 
Work of Dante, Petrarch, Boc- 
caccio. 
(6) The Renaissance in Italy. 

Pontificate of Nicholas V. ; cul- 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 77 

minating point of Latin 
Christianity 
Nicholas Y. ; patron of letters 
and art ; pursuit of manu- 
scripts ; library of the Vati- 
can. 
Laurentius Yalla; Era An- 

gelico. 
Rebuilding of Vatican and St. 
Peter's. 
(c) Results of the Renaissance. 

Revival of Platonism in West ; 
decline of scholastic philos- 
ophy. 
Revival of freedom of thought. 
Revolt against ecclesiastical 
tyranny. 
Study of Scriptures and Early 
Fathers. 
(2) The decline of the Papacy. 

(a) Holy Roman Empire fell not by 

assault of enemies without, 
but by reason of corruption 
within. 
Change in character of papacy ; 
spirituality an appendage, etc. 

(b) Character of popes at this time. 

Calixtus III., 1455-1458, and 

rise of Borgias. 
No sympath}^ with aims of 

Nicholas Y. 
Failure of the crusade and 

moral decline of the papacy. 
Nepotism ; Peter and Roderick 

Lancol or Lenzuol; Peter 

vicar of Benevento, prefect 

of Rome, Duke of Spoleto; 

Roderick cardinal at 22. 

(c) ^neas Sylvius, 1458-1465 ; poll- 



78 ponrrs in church histoby, 

(d) Sixtus IT., (1471-1484) suc- 

ceeds Paiil II. 
Papacy enters new phase again ; 

nepotism. 
Jerome Riario; Catherine 

Sforza, illegitimate daughter 

of Galeazzo of Milan. 
Ascanius, son of duke, made 

cardinal. 
College of Abbreviators. 
Julian de Medici, etc. 

(e) Innocent Till., (1484-1492), a 

Greek. 
Seven children, etc. 
Franceschetto (his son) marries 
daughter of Lorenzo de Med- 
ici. 
John de Medici, cardinal at 13, 
etc. 
(/) Alexander TI., and the Borgias. 
Julius II., " the Warrior Pope." 
Leo X. and paganizing of the 
Papacy. 
D. English Church History from the Babylonish 
Exile to the Reformation, 1303-148T. 

(1) State of the Church of England. 

Diminished influence of the Clergy. 
Drawn into closer connection with 

Rome. 
Clergy foreigners ; worldly and care- 
less. 
Chief offices of state held by clergy. 

William of W3-keham. 
Anti clerical party ; John of Gaunt. 
Confl-ict between regular and secular 
clergy. 
Suppression of alien priories, 1402. 

(2) Opposition of England to papal aggres- 

sions. 
(a) By the Statutes. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 79 

The First Statute of Provisors, 
1351. 
Against the usurpation of 
patronage. 
The Frst Statute of Prsemunire, 
1353. 
Against appeal to any foreign 
court. 
The New Statute of Prsemunire, 
1365. 
Against the jurisdiction of 
the papal court. 
(6) Resolution of Three Estates 
against money exactions of 
pope. 
Appeal to Parliament, 1376. 
(3) The Rise of Wickliffe, 1324-1384. 

Early life; Balliol College, 1361; 

Bruges. 
Wickliffe and the papal tribute. 

Treatise De Domino. 
Doctrine of Church property; of the 

constitution of the Church. 
Conflict with the Friars. 
Attacks on the doctrines of the Church. 
Attack on Sacerdotalism. 
The doctrine of the Eucharist. 
Spiritual power not absolute ; pope 

antichrist. 
Break with the Papacy. 
5 Bulls of Gregory XI. 
Wickliffe and Social Movements. 
Partly political ; backed by John of 

Gaunt. 
The Peasant's Revolt ; murder of 
Archbishop Sudbury; John Ball. 
The Poor Preachers; prelude to the 

Methodist Movement. 
The Earthquake Council. 
The Lollards. 



80 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Chief opponents Archbishop Court- 
en ay and Arundel. 
The Statute De Haeretico Combu- 
rendo. 
Beginning of religious persecu- 
tion by Act of Parliament; 
Henry lY. and Archbishop 
Arundel. 
(4) The Denationalizing of the Church of 
England. 
Martin IV. 

Government of the Church of Eng- 
land by Roman cardinals until 
the Reformation. 
Beaufort's appointment as papal 
legate and cardinal priest of St. 
Eusebius. 
Provides for English livings. 
Thirteen bishops appointed in 
Canterbury alone, in two 
3^ears. 
Made void the election of the 
Chapter, 
Eugenius IV. 

Confers bishopric of Ely on Rouen. 
Kemp Archbishop of Canterbury 

made cardinal legate a latere. 
Church of England branch of Church 
of Rome. 

Reference Books for Church History from the 
Babylonish Exile to the Reformation. 

History of the Christian Church, Vols. vii. and viii. 

Robertson. 
History of the Popes. Ranke. 
History of the Papacy. Creighton. 
History of Latin Christianit}^, Vol. iv. Milman. 
England and Rome. Ingram. 
Mediseval Church History. Trench. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 81 

Life of Leo X. Roscoe, 

The Church in Italy. National Churches Series. 

The Church in German}'. National Churches Series. 

The Pope and the Council. Janus. 

History of France. Michelet. 

The Makers of Florence. Mrs. Oliphant. 

Hours with the Mystics. Vaughan. 

History of the English Church. Hore. 

History of the English Church, Wakeman. 

The Church in England. National Churches Series. 

Wicliffe and Early Movements of Reform. Epochs 

of Church History. Creighton's Series. 
Documents Illustrative of English Church History. 

Gee and Hardy. 
Turning Points of English Church History. CvUs. 



XII. The Age of the Reformation. 

1. The Saxon School op Reformers, 1487-1663. 
A. In Germany. 

(1) The Work of Luther. 

Parentage; education and early con- 
victions of Luther. 
His attempt at reformation within the 
Church. 
Tetzel and the indulgences. 
Posting of 95 theses, 1517. 
Disputation with Eck ; Cajetan ; 
Miltltz. 
Dispute at Leipsic ; Carlstadt and Eck. 

Luther's position defined. 
Appeal to German Nobilitj^. 

Appealed to Germans as a German 

of the Germans. 
By diplomacy to the nobility ; by 

preaching to the people. 
Babylonian Captivity; Burns the 
Bull Exurge Domino. 
Attacks on the doctrines of the Church. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Distinction between two and five 

Sacraments. 
Tiieory of Christian priesthood. 
Popularity of his views. 
Discussion of his characteristic doc- 
trine. 
Justification by faith ; consubstanti- 
ation, etc. 
Council of Worms, 1521. 
Retreat to Wartburg ; translation 
of the Bible. 
(2) Progress of the Reformation. 
Attempts at reconciliation. 
The Diet of Spires, 1526. 

Temporary toleration granted. 
The Diet of Spires, 1529. 

Edict of toleration withdrawn. 
Term " Protestant " arises. 
The Diet of Augsburg, 1530. 

Augsburg Confession ; Lutheran- 
ism condemned. 
Confessions among Protestants 
take the place of CEcumenical 
Creeds. 
The Peace of Augsburg, 1555. 
Cujus regio, ejus religio. 

B. Propagation of Lutheranism through Saxon. 

School of Reformers. 

In Prussia ; Denmark ; Norway : Iceland ; 
Sweden ; Poland ; Bohemia ; Moravia : 
Hungary ; Transylvania ; Spain and Italy. 

C. Great Reformers of the Saxon School. 

Erasmus, Melancthon, Bucer, etc. 

The Swiss School of Reformers. 
A. In Switzerland. 
(1) Zwingli. 

Early life ; classical and political tastes. 
Radical nature of the reformation as 
compared with Luther's. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 83 

Heretical views. 

On Sacraments, priesthood, etc. 
Difference between Zwinglianism and 
Lutheranism. 
(2) Calvin, a Picard. 

His meeting with Farel; settles in 

Geneva. 
The Institutio Christianas Religionis. 
Views as to the Sacraments. 
Predestination, etc. 
Doctrine of the Eucharist modified 
on account of views on predesti- 
nation. 
The Consensus Tigurinus. 
Calvinism and Zwinglianism. 
Deny all mediation. 
Two factors only, God and the in- 
dividual. 
In France. 

An aristocratic movement and not from the 
people. 

(1) Attitude of Francis I. toward the 

Reformation. 
The Massacre of Y audois. 

(2) Persecution of Huguenots under Francis 

II. 
Admiral Coligny. 

(3) Protestantism during the reign of 

Charles IX. 
Concessions made to Protestants. 
The Massacre at Yassy. 
Attempt of Coligny to settle Huguenots 

in America. 
Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572. 

Catharine de Medici. 

(4) Under Henry III. 

Organization of Holy League. 
Duke of Guise at its head. 

(5) Under Henry of Navarre or Henry lY. 

The Edict of Nantes, 1597. 



84 POINTS IN CHUBCH HISTOBY, 

C. In Scotland. 

German theology first introduced by Patrick 

Hamilton. 
John Knox, 1505. 

Education ; priest ; influenced by Calvinism 

while at Geneva. 
Revolutionary tendencies. 
Teachings of Knox. 

The first Confession and Book of Dis- 
cipline. 
Standard of Scottish orthodoxy. 
Andrew Melville. 

Divine right of Presbyterate. 
Westminster Assembly, 1645. 

D. The Reformation in the Netherlands. 

(1) The introduction of the Reformation in 

the Netherlands. 
Adrian YI. " reforming pope " a native 

of Utrecht. 
Works of Erasmus. 
Refugees from Spain. 
Lutheran modes of thought replaced 

by those of Calvin. 

(2) Progress of the Reformation. 

Attempts of Chas Y. and of Philip II. 
to crush its spread. 

Introduction of the Inquisition. 

Destruction of monasteries and cathe- 
drals. 

Concessions of regent Margaret; the 
Beggars. 

Alva and the Council of Blood. 

(3) Civil War. 

William of Orange and the Sea Beg- 
gars. 

Espousal of the Protestant Cause. 
The Siege of Leyden. 
Pacification of Ghent, 1576. 
Treaty of Utrecht. 

Seven Protestant States combine. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 86 

E. The Anglican Reformation. 

(1) Object of the Reformation to restore 

the National Church. 

(2) Causes of difference between the Refor- 

mation abroad and in England. 
(a) Influence of New Learning; 
danger of breaking with old. 
In the Universities. 

Grocyn, Colet, Erasmus, 

More. 
Lectures at Oxford, etc. 
Translation of New Testament ; 
laity better educated. 
(6) Conflict between temporal and 
ecclesiastical authority. 
Perils of Erastianism. 

(3) Progress of the Reformation. 

(a) Under Henry YIIL, 1509-154T. 

(1) Henry's attitude toward 

Luther. 
Book answering Luther. 
Title "Defender of the 

Faith." 

(2) Efforts of Wolsey toward 

reformation of the 

Church. 
Principle of his reform. 
Failure of his policy. 

(3) Overthrow of papal su- 

premacy. 
Bull of excommunication 

against Henry. 
Act of Supremacy, 1534. 

Submission of clergy. 
Divorce from Catharine 
of Arragon. 

Inability of pope to 
grant divorce. 

Consultation with Uni- 



POINTS IN CHUBCH HISTORY, 



versities of Eu- 
rope. 
Agreement to di- 
vorce. 
Convocation agree to 
divorce. 
Fall of Wolsey and rise 
of Cranmer. 

(4) Reforms in ecclesiastical 

affairs consequent 
upon the breach with 
Rome. 
King head of the Church ; 

protest of Tunstall 

of Durham. 
Supremum Caput Ec- 

clesiae Anglicanae. 
Modified relations of 

Church and civil 

power. 
Annates and appeals to 
Rome forbidden. 

(5) New Despotism. 

Cromwell appointed vic- 
ar-general, 1535. 
Bishops appointed by 

King. 
Power of clergy cur- 
tailed. 
Supplication of the 
Commons against 
the Ordinaries, 1532. 
Opposition of Warham 
and Gardiner. 
Execution of More and 

Fisher. 
Spoliation of monaster- 
ies ; Pilgrimage of 
Grace. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 87 

Destruction of schools 
and libraries. 

(6) First Anglican Formu- 

laries of the faith. 
The Ten Articles, 1536. 
Rise of Lutheran 

Party. 
Influence of reformers. 
Circulation of Scrip- 
tures. 
The Bishop's Book. 
Institutes of a Chris- 
tian Man. 
Still legally a doc- 
trinal standard in 
the Church of 
England. 
The Six Articles, 1539. 
Influence of Gardiner. 
Abolishing diversity 

of opinion. 
Persecution of the 
Protestants ; Bishop 
Bonner. 
The King's Book, 1543. 
Erudition of a Chris- 
tian Man. 

(7) Liturgical Reforms. 

Permission to read les- 
sons in English. 
Use of English Litany. 
Use of Primers. 
(6) Under Edward YI. 

(1) Radical change on succes- 
sion of Edward YI. 
Government in Privy 
Council and Protector 
Somerset. 
The Parties in the 
Church. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY^ 



Anti Reformers, Rad- 
ical Reformers, Con- 
servative Reform- 
ers. 
Repeal of Treason Acts 
and Law of the Six 
Articles. 
Seizure of Chantries. 
The Injunctions; oppo- 
sition of Gardiner and 
Bonner. 
Fall of Somerset and 
rise of Northumber- 
land. 
(2) Liturgical Reforms. 

First Book of Homilies 
and Paraphrases. 
Ordered to be read in 
Churches, 1547. 
First Prayer Book, 1549. 
The ripe result of litur- 
gical reformation 
within the Church 
of England. 
Compiled by commit- 
tee of divines, Rid- 
ley, Goodrich, Day, 
etc., headed by Cran- 
mer. 
Sources. 
Ancient Service 
Books, Breviary 
of Cardinal Quig- 
non, " Consulta- 
tions " of Arch- 
bishop Hermann. 
Second Prayer Book, 
1552. 
Due to Protestant in- 
fluences. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 89 

Bucer at Cambridge, 
Martyr at Oxford, 
Alasco, Bullinger, 
etc. 
Influence of new Bish- 
ops. 
Ridley, Hooper ; de- 
privation of Bon- 
ner ; Gardiner ; 
Tunstall ; Day ; 
Heath. 
The Forty-Two Articles, 
1553. 
(3) Hooper and the Ritual 
Controversy. 
(p) Reaction under Mary. 

(1) Early Church policj'-. 

Provocations from the 

Protestants. 
The Spanish marriage. 
Attachment to Old 
Learning. 
General decay of learn- 
ing during Mary's 
reign. 
Dominicans take the 
places of Protestants 
at Oxford. 
Conference at Oxford 
between men of New 
Learning and of Old. 
Gardiner chief adviser. 
Resignation of Church 
lands. 

(2) Reunion with See of Rome. 

Yalidity of Anglican or- 
ders recognized by 
Bull of Julius IIL 
Book of Common 
Prayer and 42 Arti- 



90 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

cles condemned ; return to use of 
Sarum. 

Arrival of Cardinal Pole, papal legate. 

Formal reconciliation with Rome. 

Communion in one kind restored by 
act of Parliament. 

Bishops and priests deprived for mar- 
riage. 

(3) Development of Marian Persecution. 

Act De Haeretico reenacted. 
Heresj^ Test. 

Archbishop's Commission for trial of 
Heretics. 
Retirement of Gardiner and ap- 
pointment of Bonner. 
Martyrdoms of Rogers, Hooper, 
Bradford, etc. 
Latimer, Ridley and Cranmer burned 

at Oxford. 
Cause of Elizabethan reaction. 

Return to Roman obedience im- 
possible. 
Reform party strengthened. 

(4) Charge of heresy against Cardinal Pole 

by Paul lY. 
Trouble with the Jesuits. 
{d) Under Elizabeth. 

(1) Difficulties of Elizabeth. 

Opposition of Pope, Spain and France. 

Predominant influence of doctrines of 

Calvin. 

Brought in by return of Marian 

exiles. 

Religious principles of leading clergy. 

National hatred of Roman Catholicism. 

(2) Measures of Elizabeth. 

The Injunctions. 

Reestablishment of royal supremacy. 
Supreme Governor instead of Su- 
preme Head. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 91 

Ancient jurisdiction restored. 
Elizabethan Prayer Book. 

Restoration of ancient form for De- 
livery of the Elements with ad- 
ditional words to amplify its 
meaning. 
Abolition of Declaration on Kneel- 
ing which denied the Real Pres- 
ence. 
Assertion of the Historical Con- 
tinuity of the Church by restor- 
ing the Ancient Vestments. 
Pius lY. accepts the Prayer Book 
if Elizabeth will acknowledge 
papal supremacy. 
The Act of Uniformity. 
XXXIX. Articles enforced by Parlia- 
ment. 
Consecration of Parker to Canterbury. 
Barlow, Hodgkins, Coverdale and 
Scori in Chapel of Lambeth 
Palace. 
The Advertisements, 1666. 
Jewel's Challenge to the Church of 
Rome. 
The Apology of the Church of Eng- 
land. 

(3) Origin of Anglo-Roman Schism in Eng- 

land. 

Pope Pius lY. ; bull of excommuni- 
cation, Regnans in Excelsis, In- 
fluence of Jesuits. 

Mission of Jesuits to England. 

Acts against Jesuits and Seminarists. 
Seminary at Douai ; William Allen 
of Oxford. 

Marian Bishops and clergy deprived. 

Acts against recusants. 

The Spanish Armada. 

(4) Growth of Puritanism. 



92 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Influence at Universities; Institutes 
of Calvin. 

License of Puritan preachers. 
Vestiarian Controversy. 
Grindall Archbishop of Canterbury ; 

Increase of Puritans. 
Whitgift's Primacy and its effects. 

Martin Marprelate Controversy. 

Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity. 

Suppression of Prophesy ings. 
Acts against Puritans. 

3. Effects of the Reformation. 

A. Rise of sects and heresies. 

Revolt of the laity against ecclesiastical su- 
premacy. 

Lutherans ; Presbyterians ; Brownists ; Free- 
thinkers, Anabaptists, Mennonites, Socin- 
ians. 

B. Thirty Years' War. 

Dissatisfaction with terms of Augsburg. 
Mutual hatred of Catholics and Protestants. 
Nations engaged. 

Prussia, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, 
France. 
Peace of Westaphalia. 
Devastation of Germany. 
Recognition of principle of religious toler- 
ation. 

C. Division of Countries at close of Reformation. 

Separation of Teutonic Christendom from the 
Celtic Christendom. 

Catholic: France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, 
Belgium, Austria, Southern Germany, Ire- 
land, England (Anglican). 

Protestant: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, 
Holland, Northern Germany, part of 
Switzerland, Scotland (Presbyterian). 

D. The Counter Reformation. 

(1) The Mediation Party. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 93 

Erasmus, Bucer, Wiezel, Cassander; 
Ferus, Eck, Enser, Farnese, Her- 
man, Contarini, Pole. 

(2) Attempts at reconciliation. 

By means of Synods. 

Council of Trent indicted at council of 

Spires. 
The Bull sent to all European 

courts ; its reception. 

(3) The Council of Trent, 1545-1553. 

Delay in opening ; frequent suspen- 
sions ; arrival of German Protes- 
tants at fifteenth session. 
Council in Session, Dec. 13, 1545. 
Numbers present; twenty bishops 
and abbots, three cardinals, three 
legates, Ambassadors of King 
Ferdinand, four archbishops ; 
Cardinal de Monte president. 
Method of procedure. 
Debate by congregations. 
Doctrine and reformation dis- 
cussed concurrently. 
Ultimate form of transactions in 
treatises, (Doctrinse), proposi- 
tions, (Canons), ordinances of 
discipline and general Church 
Government (Decretae de Refor- 
matione). 
Lack of freedom in council. 
Removal to Bologna. 

Conflict between Imperialist and 
Papal policy of the Council. 
The Augsburg Interim. 
Proceedings of the Council. 
Canon of Scripture. 

Tradition equal to Scripture. 
Yulgate authentic. 
Subjects discussed. 
Doctrinal. 



94 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Immaculate Conception ; Orig- 
inal Sin; Justification; the 
Sacraments ; Communion in 
two kinds, the Corruption of 
the Mass ; Penance ; Purga- 
tory, etc. 
Reformatory measures. 

Saint worship ; relics ; preach- 
ing of the friars ; concerning 
matrimony ; divorce ; con- 
vents ; disciplinary reforms. 
Popes taking part in the Council. 
Clement YII. ; Paul III.; Julius 
III. ; Paul lY. ; Pius lY. 
Results of the Council of Trent. 
At twenty-fifth and last session 255 
prelates sign under pain of ex- 
communication. 
Pope confirms council. 
Reception of decrees of Council. 
Portugal, Spain and Yenice ac- 
cept. 
Refusal of Protestants. 

France, England, Continental 
Protestants, czar of Muscovy. 
Ineflficiency of Council in restraining 
papal encroachments. 
Papal monarchy untouched. 
Practical reforms. 
Reaction against the Protestants. 
Carlo Borromeo and the six 
synods. 
(4) The Jesuits. 

Rise in Spain ; Ignatius Loyola, 1556. 

Society of spiritual knights. 

Early members Francis Xavier, Rodi- 

guez, etc. 
Confirmed by Paul III. 
Cardinal points of System. 
Constitution. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 95 

Secret Institutions, etc. 
Use of the Inquisition. 
Progress of the Order. 

Italy, Spain, France, Portugal, 
England, etc. 

Reference Books for Church History During the 
Age of the Reformation. 

The Reformation. Aubrey Moore. 

The Reformation. Hardwick. 

Turning Points of General Church History. Gutts, 

History of Civilization. Guizot. 

History of the Pacy. Greighton. 

The Pope and the Council. Janus. 

History of the Council of Trent. Buckley. 

History of the Council of Trent. Littledale, 

The Council of Trent. Froude. 

The Church in Germany. National Churches Series. 

The Church in Italy. National Churches Series. 

The Church in Prance. National Churches Series. 

The Dutch Republic. Motley. 

The Counter Reformation. Epochs of Church His- 
tory. Creighton Series. 

The Church in England. National Churches Series. 

History of the Church of England. Hore. 

History of the Church of England. Wakeman. 

History of tlie Reformation in England. Epochs of 
Church History. Creighton Series. 

The English Reformation. Wergman. 

Historical and Theological Essays. Mozley. 

Colet, Fisher and More. Mason. 

Life of Erasmus. Froude. 

XIII. English Church History During the Time 
of the Stuarts. 

1. Hopes op Romanists and Presbyterians at Acces- 

sion OF James I. 

2. Growth of Puritanism. 

Millenary Petition. 



96 POINTS IN CHUBCR HISTORY. 

Hampton Court Conference, 1604. 

First great attempt of Puritans to gain ascend- 
ancy over Church of England. 
Objections of Puritans. 

Doctrine ; Ministers ; Church Government ; 

Ritual and Prayer Book. 
Refusal to accept Bible as interpreted "by 
Fathers, Councils of Church and universal 
custom as a basis of union. 
Results. 

Canons of 1604. 

Concluding part of Catechism. 

Authorized translation of Bible. 

James' proclamation for use of Prayer Book, 

1604. 
Unfavorable to Protestants. 

Pilgrim Fathers ; New England. 
Theologians at Conference. 

Whitgift, Bancroft, Bilson, Mather, An- 

drewes, Overall and Field. 
Reynolds, Sparkes, Knewstubbs, Chaderton. 
James president. 
Last burning of heretics under the De Haeretico 

Act, 1612. 
Puritans identified with civil liberty. 

Stuart theory of divine right of Kings. 
Rise of Modern Baptists and of Independents. 
Abbot made archbishop of Canterbury at death 

of Bancroft. 
The Calvinistic Controversy. 
Calvinism dominant. 

Representatives sent to Calvinistic synod of 
Dort. 

3. The Strengthening of the Church. 
Attack on Non-Conformity. 
Archbishopric of Bancroft. 
Canons of 1604 ; Ex Animo Test. 
Suppression of Romanists. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 97 

Banishment of Jesuit and Seminary priests; 
gunpowder plot. 
Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland. 
Sabbatarian Controversy ; First Book of Sports. 
School of Anglican Divines. 

Whitgift, Bancroft, Andrewes, Laud, Bilson, 
Mainwaring, Hooker, Ferrar, Wrenn, Juxon, 
Hall, Sanderson. 
The Laudian Movement. 
At University of Oxford. 

Revival of historic and patristic studies. 
Opposition to Calvinism : reaction against 
Calvinism. 
Bishop of St. David's. 

Conference with the Jesuit Fisher. 
Activity as Bishop of London. 
His unpopularity and influence. 
Effort to restore St. Paul's. 
As a Statesman. 

Relationship between Charles and Laud. 
Connection with Buckingham. 
Archbishop of Canterbury. 
Opposition of Prynne. 
Opposition to encroachments of Rome. 
Convocation of 1640. 

Seventeen Canons; the Et Cetera Oath. 
Influence of Laud. 
His Church views. 
Spiritual force of the movement. 
Final triumph of his principle, 1660. 

4. The Church During the Commonwealth. 
A. Puritan Attack on the Church. 

Bishops excluded from Parliament by Statute, 

1643. 
Committee of Westminster Assembly, 1643. 
Abolition of Episcopacy and the Prayer 
Book. 
First Black Bartholomew's Day. 
Substitution of the Directory, 1645. 



98 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Commissioners appointed for visitation of 

Churches. 
Solemn League and Covenant accepted by 

English. 
Establishment of Presbyteries ; creation of 
Presbyterian Church; unpopularity 
of its discipline. 
The Westminster Catechism. 
Ejection and Persecution of clergy, 1642-1645. 
Committee for Scandalous Ministers. 
Committee for Plundered Ministers. 

B. Ecclesiastical Anarchy. 

Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy. 
Establishment of National Church. 

Thirty-eight Commissioners or " Triers." 
Engagement Oath. 
Influence of Milton; Eikon and Eikono- 
klastes. 
Rise of Quakers ; George Fox. 
Struggle between Presbyterians, Independ- 
ents and other Non-Conformists. 

C. Theological literature influencing the Period. 

Herbert, Farrar, Chillingworth, Fuller, Mil- 
ton, Baxter, Bunyan, TJssher, Jeremy 
Taylor, Pocock, Walton, Bull, Sheldon, 
Sanderson, Thorndyke, Cosin, Beveridge, 
Hammond. 

5. The Church During the Restoration. 
A. Under Charles II. 

The Declaration of Breda. 
Consecration of bishops to vacant sees. 
The Savo3^ Conference. 

Baxter's Reformed Liturgy. 
Eight grievances of the Puritans. 
Petition for alteration of Church System. 
Revised Prayer Book, 1662 ; Second Black 
Bartholomew's Day. 
Ornaments Rubric. 



POINTS IK CHURCH HISTORY, 99 

Church of England's last act of the Refor- 
mation. 
Act of Uniformity. 

Dissenters and Non-Conformists instead 
of Puritans. 
Acts against Non-Conformity. 
Corporation Act, 1661. 
Conventicle Act, 1664. 
Five Mile Act, 1665. 

Test Act, 1673; Persecution of the Ro- 
manists. 
Rise of the Latitudinarians. 

Division into High Church and Latitudi- 
narians. 
Chillingworth, Stillingfleet, Tillotson,Teni- 
son, Henry More. 
B. Relation of James II. to Rome. 

Determination to restore Roman Catholicism. 
Dispensing power used to benefit Romanism. 
Resistance of Clergy ; Dr. Sharp's sermon. 
High Commission Court revived. 

Opposition of Sancroft and Compton. 
Efforts at the Universities. 

Conflict at Magdalen. 
Declaration of Indulgence. 

Refusal of bishops ; trial of seven. 

The Revolution of 1688 and the Accession of 
William and Mary. 

A. Influence of politics on Church Parties. 

Tories, High Church; Whigs, Latitudinarian. 

B. The Beginnings of Religious Toleration. 

Comprehension Bill ; its failure. 
Toleration act ; dissent legalized. 

C. Deprivation of Non-Jurors. 

Archbishop Sancroft and eight other bishops, 
400 clergy, many laity; in Scotland all the 
bishops, 700 clergy. 

Loss to the Church. 
Bishops, Ken and Turner ; Jeremy Collier, 



100 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Church Historian ; Dodwell, professor at 
Oxford, etc. 
Sees conferred on Latitudinarians. 
Negotiations with Eastern Church. 
Division of Non-Jurors; Usagers and Non- 

TJsagers. 
Existence of Non-Jurors until beginning of 
Nineteenth Century. 

D. Archbishoprics of Tiilotson and Tenison. 

Controversy concerning Convocation. 
Church government by royal injunctions. 
Church patronage in hands of Mary and Tii- 
lotson. 
Spread of skepticism. 
Decay of morality and of Church services. 

E. Acts against Roman Catholics. 

F. Formation of Religious Societies. 

S. P. C. K., 1698; S. P. G., 1701 ; Dr. Bray. 

6. High Church and Tory Reaction under Anne, 
1702-1714. 
Influence of Marlborough. 
Queen Anne's Bounty. 
High Influence of Church. 
Measures against Dissenters. 
Occasional Conformity Act, 1711. 
Schism Act, 1714. 
Appointment of able bishops ; great spiritual 

life. 
Activity of the Church. 

Act for building fifty-two Churches. 
Evidences of frequent services in London. 
Good parish priests. 

Advancement of charity schools and parochial 
libraries. 
" Church in Danger " Cry. 

Impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell. 
Attempt to unite the Protestant Communities of 
Prussia under English Prayer Book and 
XXXIX. Articles. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 101 



Reference Books for English Church History 
During the Time of the Stuarts. 

The Church in England, Yol. ii. National Churches 

Series. 
History of the Church of England. Hore. 
History of the Church of England. Wakeman. 
Documents Illustrative of English Church History. 

Gee and Hardy. 
The Church and the Puritans. Epochs of Church 

History. Creighton Series. 
Turning Points of English Church History. Cutis. 
Ecclesia Anglicaua. Jennings. 
Church Club Lectures, 1890. 
Historical and Theological Essays. Mozley. 
Bishop Andrewes. Otley. 

XIV. English Church History During the 
Hanoverians, 1714. 

1. Ascendancy of Latitudinarians. 

A. Contrast between Church under Stuarts and 
early Hanoverians. 
Three parties in the Kingdom. 
Jacobites, Tories, Whigs. 
New phase of the Non-juring dispute. 
Personal character of the first two Georges. 
Repressive policy of Whigs. 

High Church Party treated as Jacobites. 
Suppression of Convocation, 1*71Y-1850. 
Bishops appointed for political reasons. 

Mostly Latitudinarians. 
Influence of Walpole ; Dean Berkeley. 
B. Prevalence of Controversies. 

(1) The Socinian ; form of Arianism : Bishop 

Bull. 

(2) The Non-juring. 

(3) The Bangorian Controversy ; Hoadley ; 

Law. 

(4) The Deistical Controversy ; Unitarians. 



102 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Chief Deists ; Herber, Hobbes, Toland, 
Collins, Tindal. 

Defenders of the faith : Conjbeare, 
Butler, Warburton, Berkeley, Sher- 
lock, Wake, Potter, Wilson, Gibson, 
Swift, etc. 

C. Attitude of Government toward Dissent. 

Agitation for repeal of Test and Corporation 

Acts. 
Indemnity Act. 
Quaker Affirmation Bill. 
Kegium Doiium. 
Banishment of Dr. Atterbury. 

D. Attempt at union between Galilean and Angli- 

can Churches. 
Archbishop Wake; DuPin, Gerardin. 

2. Rise op Methodism. 

A. Condition of the Church. 

Character of the Clergy. 

Pluralities, non-residence. 
Low religious and moral standards. 

Prevalence of Arianism. 
Corruption and insufficiency of Universities. 
Acts affecting the Church. 

Growth of toleration. 

Act for correcting the Calendar, 1752. 
Eleven days struck out of September. 

B. John Wesley, 1703-1T91. 

Parentage and early life. 

Oxford ; Law's Serious Call, etc. 
Formation of Society at Oxford. 

Charles Wesley ; George Whitfield. 

Strict rules and methods hence Methodism. 
Mission to Georgia, 1735. 

Failure. 

Moravian Influence. 
Formation of Methodist Society, 1739. 

Without constitutional relation to Church. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 103 

Doctrinal differences between Wesley and 
Whitfield, 
Wesley ; doctrines of New Birth and Per- 
fection, the Arrainian Methodists. 
Whitfield, the Calviuistic Methodists. 
Lady Huntington; College of Trevecca. 
Character of Wesley's Work. 
Revival of personal religion. 
Class of people reached. 

Colliers, factory hands, prisoners, etc. 
Open air preaching, etc. 
C. Breach between Methodism and the Church. 

(1) Schismatical acts of Wesle}^ 

Foundation of preaching houses ; Lon- 
don ; Bristol. 
First gathering of separate congre- 
gations. 
Appointment of lay preachers; Max- 
well. 
Beginning of unauthorized ministry. 
Consecration of Coke and Asbury to 

America. 
Setting apart of three ministers for 

Scotland. 
First Wesleyan Conference, 1744. 

(2) Final Separation, 1796. 

Lay preachers authorized to administer 

Holy Communion. 
Internal dissensions. 

Nineteen forms of Methodism at 
present day. 

3. The Evangelical Movement, 1775-1820. 
A. The Earlier Evangelical Movement. 
(1) Characteristics. 

Doctrine and discipline akin to that of 

Dissenters. 
Pious, zealous, hardworking but char- 
acterized by lanaticism and eccen- 
tricities. 



104 POINTS IX CHURCH HISTORY. 

(2) The Earlier Evangelicals. 

James Hervey, a Methodist at Oxford 

with Charles TVesley. 
William Grimshaw, the Mad Parson. 
John Berridge, an itinerant and ir- 
regular clergyman. 
Augustus Toplady, author of "Rock 

of Ages." 
John Fletcher, of saintly life ; designed 

by Wesley as his successor in the 

Wesleyan moYement. 
Daniel Rowlands; the rent in the 

Welsh Church. 
Henry Tenn ; The Complete Duty of 

Man. 
Rowland Hill, great itinerant preacher. 
B. The Later Evangelical Movement. 

(1) Later Evangelicals. 

Porteus, bishop of London ; the Mil- 
ners ; Xewton; Thomas Scott; Ce- 
cil ; Simeon ; Wilberforce ; Henry 
Martyn : Cowper ; Hannah More. 

(2) Their great Work and Influence. 

Revival of personal religion ; faith in 
the Atonement. 

Veneration for the Bible ; affection for 
Prayer Book. 

Saved England to the Church during 
a period of infidelity and degrada- 
tion ; period of French Revolution. 

Controlled Church of England for 
fifty years. 

Triumphed over Latitudinarians. 

Eradicated last vestiges of Arianism. 

Foundation of Church Societies, 
(a) Church Missionary, 1799. 

First organized attempt of 
England to deal with pa- 
ganism. 
(&) Religious Tract Society, 1801. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 105 

XJDited action between 
Churchmen and Dissenters 
for circulation of Evangeli- 
cal literature, 
(c) British and Foreign Bible So- 
ciety. 
Circulation of Scriptures in 
various languages without 
comment. 
{d) National Society for Promo- 
tion of Education of Poor 
in the Principles of the 
Established Church. 
To counteract the Lancas- 
trian system. 
Founding of Sunday Schools ; Raikes. 
Home Mission Work. 

Factory hands, colliers, agricultural labor- 
ers, prisoners. 
Work for abolition of Slavery. 
Defects of Evangelicalism. 
Teaching and Ritual of Prayer Book ignored. 
Yalued only for beaut}?- and devotion of 

language. 
Retained as defence against Arianism. 
Disparagement of Sacraments; infrequent 

Celebrations ; preaching exalted. 
Power of the priesthood denied. 

Apostolical Succession undervalued. 
Episcopacy merely an hierarchy of dig- 
nity. 
Regeneration confounded with conversion. 
Emotional teachings appealing to con- 
science through fear. 
Few abuses in Church remedied. 

Church patronage in hands of landowning 

class. 
Non-residence and pluralities. 
Lack of ecclesiastical leadership and organiz- 
ing power. 



106 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Boundary line between Church and Dissent 
confused. 
Great impetus to Dissent. 

4, The Oxtord Movement, 1820-1845. 

(1) Intellectual forces influencing the movement. 
Renewed interest in Mediaeval art and life. 

Influence of Scott. 
Philosophy of Coleridge and his School. 
Poetry dealing with religious subjects. 

Keble's Christian Year, etc. 

(2) State of the Church. 

(a) Character of the Clergy. 

Higher clergy chosen from the aris- 
tocracy. 
World liness and lax discipline. 
Tendency toward Protestantism 
rather than Catholic theology. 
Luther, Calvin, Scott, the Milners 
studied instead of the Fathers, 
the Schoolmen or the Caroline 
Divines. 
Neglect of Episcopal duties. 
Nepotism ; non-residence and plur- 
alities. 
(6) Churches and Church Services. 

Church buildings neglected ; few new 

churches built. 
Church restoration not thought of. 
Renting of Church pews. 
Canons and rubrics unobserved. 
Holy Communion rarely celebrated, 
(c) Apprehensions of Disestablishment. 
Repeal of Corporation and Test 

Acts. 
Change in Trial Court of Appeal. 
Establishment of judicial Com- 
mittee of the Privy Council; 
secular. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 107 

Roman Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829. 
Reform Bill, 1832. 

Appointment of Ecclesiastical Commission, 
1836. 
Episcopal and Tithe Commutation Acts, 

1836. 
The Pluralities Act, 1838. 
Cathedral Act, 1840. 
Attitude of Periodicals. 

The Westminster Review; Weekly Reg- 
istrar ; Penny Magazine ; Edinburgh 
Review. 
{d) Latitudinarian Spirit in the Church. 
At Oxford. 

Richard Whately ; Scholastic philosophy in 

relation to Christian theologj^ 
Blanco White. 
Dr. Thomas Arnold. 

Scheme for a National Church. 
{e) Efforts toward Catholic Revival. 

Work of Bishop Jebb; Alexander Knox; 

William Palmer. 
Controversy with 'Doyle. 
(3) The Beginning of the Movement. 
At Oriel College. 

Aim of the Movement. 

(I.) Maintenance and assertion of Catholic 
doctrine especially Apostolic Succes- 
sion. 
(II.) Preservation of the Prayer Book. 
Leading men; Keble, Wilberforce, Palmer, 

Williams, Newman, Percival, Rose, Froude. 
Keble's sermon at St. Mary's July 14, 1833. 
Subject National Apostasy. 
" Start of the Religious Movement." 
Meeting at Hadleigh Rector}'. 

Present, Percival, Palmer, Froude, Rose rector. 
Association of Friends of the Church. 
Address to Archbishop of Canterbury. 
7,000 clergy, 230,000 laymen. 



108 POINTS m CEUBCH HISTORY. 

Joshua Watson, William Palmer. 

(4) The Tracts for the Times. 

(a) Subjects doctrinal and traditional. 

Apostolic Succession, x^ature of the Christian 
Church. 
Relation to Primitive Ages, Neglect of 
Discipline, Authority and goyernment of 
Church. 
(5) Early Form. 

Short tracts or papers often merely notes. 
1834 first forty-six collected in one Volume. 
Contributors, Xewman, Keble, Palmer, 
Percival, etc. 

(c) Accession of Dr. Pusey, 1834. 

Great influence on movement. 

Professor at Oxford, canon of Christ 

Church. 
Guarantee for its stability. 

(d) Reception of the Tracts. 
Widespread influence ; success. 

Increase of theological study among clergy. 
Greater devotion among laity. 
More frequent services, increased Com- 
munions. 
FeTver secessions to Dissent. 
Outbreak of Hostilities. 

Publication of Fronde's " Remains." 
Publication of Newman's Tract XC, 1840. 
On the XXXIX. Articles; condemnation 
of Tract. 
The Roman Controversy ; Newman's Tia 

Media. 
Attitude of Bishops and University Heads. 
Issue of Tracts forbidden. 
Suspension of Dr. Puse3\ 

Universit}' Sermon, Hol}^ Eucharist 
a Comfort to the Penitent. 

(5) Division among the Tractarians. 

Parties. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 109 

Original aims of Movement ; Keble, Pusey, 

Hooke, etc. 
Strong Roman influence, Newman, Ward, Oak- 
ley, etc. 
Secessions to Rome. 

Anglo-Prussian appointment of Protestant 
Bishop to Jerusalem. 
Newman's secession ; Ward, Oakley, Faber. 
Character of Newman. 
The Hampden Controversy and the Gorham 
Case or Baptismal Controversy. 
Secessions of Manning and the Wilberforces. 
Result of Secessions. 

Bull of Pius IX., 1850, claiming England. 
Wiseman, Archbishop of Westminster. 

The Awakened Life of the Church. 

(1) Widening of the Movement into a general 

High Church Revival. 
Ceases to be prominently Academical. 
Shared by men in London and country ; 

Gladstone, Palmer, Maitland, etc. 

(2) The Ritual Controversy. 
Revival of ritual. 

The Surplice Riots. 
St. George Riots. 
Ritual Prosecution. 
Ritual Commission. 
Points of contention ; Yestments, East- 
ward position. 
Lights on the Altar, The Mixed Chal- 
ice, Unleavened Bread, Incense. 
Decision favorable to High Church Party. 
Ornaments Rubric. 
Public Regulation Act ; Disraeli, Tait. 
Prosecution of Bishop of Lincoln. 

(3) Establishment of Toleration. 

Influence of Kingsley, Maurice and the Rugby 
men. 



110 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Secularization of Universities ; Keble's College, 

1872. 
1880, Burial Act. 
(4) Revival of Church Life. 

Starting of Guardian, etc. 
Architectural Society of Oxford, 1838. 

Restoration, building and endowment of 
Churches ; Gothic architecture introduced. 
New Parishes formed ; subdivision of dioceses. 
Impetus to mission work. 

Establishment of Guilds ; Confraternities ; 

Schools ; Societies, the Temperance and the 

White Cross; Religious Orders, etc. 

Revival of Convocation, 1852; later, Houses of 

Laymen established. 

Revival of diocesan conferences and synods ; 

Establishment of Church Congresses. 
Lambeth Conference, Pan Anglican. 
Establishment and extension of Colonial Episco- 
pate. 
American Bishops; Bishop Selwyn, New Zea- 
land ; Bishop Gray, Capetown ; Bishop Pat- 
terson ; Bishop Hannington. 
Revision of Bible, 1881. 
Leading Church Writers. 

Wordsworth, Liddon, Bright, Lightfoot, West- 
cott. Church, Neale, etc. 

Reference Books for Church History during the 
Hanoverians. 

The Church in England, Yol. ii. National Churches 

Series. 
Historj^ of Church of England. Hore. 
History of Church of England. Wakeman, 
Documents Illustrative of English Church History. 

Gee and Hardy. 
The Oxford Movement. Church. 
The Evangelical Revival. Epochs of Church History. 

Creighton Series. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 111 

Church Club Lectures, 1890. 

Historical and Theological Essays. Mozley. 

Cardinal Manning. Sutton, 

Life of Bishop Ken. 

John Keble. Lock, 

XV. The Church in America. 

The Church of the Early Colonists. 

A. The Planting of the Anglican Church in 

America. 

(1) Frobisher's Expedition, 1578. 

First Celebration of Holy Eucharist in 
America, at Hudson Bay ; Master 
Wolfal. 

(2) Drake's Expedition, 1579. 

Church Service for six weeks on Pa- 
cific Coast. 

(3) Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1583; New- 

foundland. 
Letters Patent — " In public exercise, 
according to the Church of Eng- 
land." 

(4) Sir Walter Raleigh, 1584; Roanoke, 

Yirginia. 
Spirit of colonization awakened by 

Raleigh. 
Possessions in North America secured 

to English crown. 
Harlot's missionary efforts among the 

Indians. 
John White Governor, 1587. 

Baptism of Manteo and Yirginia 
Dare. 

B. The Early Colonies, 1607-1700. 

(1) The Jamestown Colony, 1607. 
The Yirginia charter, 1606. 

Providing by royal ordinance for 
celebrating services according to 
Church of England. 



112 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Appointment of Robert Hunt by 
Archbishop Bancroft. 
First Celebration of Holy Euchar- 
ist, first church building. 
Alexander Whitaker, Apostle to Yir- 
ginia. 
Treaty of peace with Powhatan. 
Marriage of Pocahontas. 
House of Burgesses, 1619. 

Sir George Yeardley, governor. 
Meeting of first American body of 
legislators, in chancel of Church 
at Jamestown. 
Laws passed concerning attendance 
at Church, ecclesiastical disci- 
pline, education, etc. 
Introduction of slavery, 1620. 

Baptism of slaves. 
Massacre by Indians, 1622. 
Willian Berkeley, governor. 

Abortive eff'orts to obtain a bishop. 
Power of vestries over clergy. 

Ecclesiastical matters in hands of 
twelve vestrymen in each par- 
ish ; vacancies filled by vestry- 
men. 
Commissary Blair sent by Bishop of 

London. 
Founding of William and Mary Col- 
lege. 
(2) In New England. 

(a) Earliest Expeditions. 

Pring to Massachusetts, 1607. 
Wej^mouth to Maine, 1605. 
The Popham Colony, Maine, 
1607. 
Rev. Richard Seymour, first 
Christian priest to minister 
in New England. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 113 

(6) Portsmouth, Maine, 1640. 

Grant of Sir Fernando Gorges. 
Rev. Robert Jordan, 
(c) In Boston. 

King's Chapel, 1688 ; Rev. Rob- 
ert Ratclifle. 
Opposition of Puritans. 
Contempt for Episcopacy. 
Mutilation of King's Chapel. 
Charles II. obliged to inter- 
fere. 

(3) In Maryland. 

Settlement by Lord Baltimore. 
Act of religious toleration, 1649. 
Establishment of English Church, 1616. 
Rev. John Yeo. 

(4) In Pennsylvania and Delaware. 

Charter of Charles II. provides for 
ministration of Church in colony of 
Pennsylvania. 

Opposition of Quakers. 

Founding of Christ Church, Philadel- 
phia, 1695. 

Delaware settled by Swedes ; Old 

Swedish Church, Wilmington. 

Rev. John Yeo, New Castle, 1677. 

(5) In New York. 

Dutch Church first established. 
First Church service, 1663. 

1692, grant of land to Trinity Church. 
William Yesey, rector. 

1693, Act of Assembly provides min- 
isters for four counties ; New 
York, Queens, Westchester, Rich- 
mond. 

New Rochelle, first church in West- 
chester county. 

(6) In the Carolinas. 

St. Philips, Charleston, 1681. 



114 FOmrS IM CBURCH HISWBT. 

2. CmmcH Gbowth ibom ITOO to the RETaLDnoea. 

A. Elrils c^ State Patroiuige. 

Churdi resided as appendage of state. 
CcMiliiadk» of ecdesiastiGal ins&itnitioiis with 
ciTiL 
" No King, no Bishop.'' 

B. The Work of the S. P. G. 

Appointment of I'r, E:.-" ■:■..= C zziziizs^.^y ::• 
MarrlaiL'i.. 
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POINTS IN CHUBCE HISTORY. 116 

Efforts of S. P. G. 

Queen Anne, Archbishop Seeker, Sher- 
lock, bishop of London. 
Proposition to establish four sees. 
Scheme of Bishop Butler, 1750. 
Failure due to. 

Political changes in England. 
Fear of losing votes of Dissenters. 
Diflaculty of obtaining funds for bishop- 
rics. 
Prevalence of Latitudinarianism in 
Eighteenth Century. 
On the Part of America. 
Earliest attempts. 

1705, Convocation at Burlington to ap- 
peal to crown for bishops. 
1707, Letter of Evan Evans. 
Advocacy of John Checkley, Boston. 
Rev. Charles Inglis, Dover, Del., 1759-65. 
Appeal of Dr. Chandler to public. 
Popular Opposition to Bishops. 

Indifference of many clergy to securing 
the Episcopate ; evil lives ; theological 
heresy. 
Reluctance to bear the expense ; fear of 

taxation. 
Fear that the introduction of Episcopacy 
would interfere with civil and religious 
liberty. 
D. Opposition of Sectarians. 

(1) Growth of dissent in Virginia. 

Low state of morals; diminished in- 
fluence of clergy. 

Attitude of Baptists and Methodists. 

Growing disfavor toward Established 
Church. 

(2) Opposition of Quakers. 

Persecution of Rev. George Keith. 
Join with Deists, Jacobites, etc., against 
Church people. 



116 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

(3) GoA^ernorship of Seymour in Maryland. 

Refuses to receive Commissary ; 
growth of dissent. 

Refusal to let Colebatch go to Eng- 
land for Consecration, 1727. 

(4) Puritanism in New England. 

Opposition to Episcopacy in Con- 
necticut. 
President Cutler and Yale College. 
Dean Berkeley and Samuel Johnson. 
Intolerance of Puritans. 

President Oakes of Harvard. 
Opposition of New England magis- 
trates. 
Attacks on the Church ; John Beach. 

3. Steps Leading to the Formation or the American 
Church after the Revolution. 

A. Depression of the Church. 

Ministrations of northern clergy suspended ; 
persecutions, especially in Connecticut ; 
driven to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 

Missionaries of S. P. G. ceased their work. 

Great number of churches destroyed, espe- 
cially in Virginia. 

Two parties, East and South. 

B. Attempted Organizations. 

(1) Convention in Philadelphia, May 24, 

1784. 
Rev. William White. 
" The Case of the Episcopal Churches 

in the United States Considered." 

(2) Convention at Maryland, June, 1784. 

Name Protestant Episcopal Church 
first used. 

Followed by convention in Boston in 
September. 

Basis for internal unity of action 
formed within the separate prov- 
inces. 



FOINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 117 

(3) General Meeting at New York, October, 

1784. 

Preliminary meeting at New Bruns- 
wick. 

Calling of General Convention at Phila- 
delphia, September, 1785. 

(4) Convention of South Carolina, 1785. 

Dr. Robert Smith and the Episcopate. 

C. Election of Dr. William Smith as Bishop of 

Maryland. 

Annapolis Convention, 1783. 

Maryland Church claims independent exist- 
ence. 

Opposition of Dr. White to Smith. 

D. Consecration of Bishop Seabury. 

Obstacles in his way. 

Application to Non-juring Bishops of Scot- 
land. 

Consecration at Aberdeen. 
Conditions of Consecration. 
Prelates officiating. 

Kilgour, Petrie, Skinner. 

Connection with John Wesley. 

4. The Organization or the Church. 

A. First General Convention, September, 1785. 
Numbers present. 
Eighteen clerical, sixteen lay representa- 
tives. 
Dr. White president. 
Dioceses represented. 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North 
Carolina. 
Work of the Convention. 
The Proposed Prayer Book. 
Formation of General Ecclesiastical Con- 
stitution of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church in America. 



118 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Address to Archbishops and Bishops of 
England. 

Modified by letter of Bishop Seabury. 
Meeting of adjourned ConYention, June 20, 

1786. 
Consideration of consecration of Provoost 

and White. 
Letters from the Archbishops. 
Reassembling of Convention, October 10, 

1786. 
Virginia not represented. 
Letters from England read. 
Discussion of Proposed Prayer Book. 

Alterations made. 
Confirmation of election of White, GriflSth 

and Provoost to the bishopric. 

B. Consecration of Bishops by English Church. 

Dr. White to Philadelphia. 

Dr. Provoost to Kew York. 

Consecrators ; Archbishops of Canterbury 

and York, Bishops of Bath and Wells, and 

Peterborough. 

C. The General Convention of July, 1789. 

Recognition of Dr. Seabury. 

Resolutions passed. 
Adoption of Constitution. 
Meeting of adjourned Convention, October, 
1789. 
Representation of New England ; Dr. Sea- 
bury. 
Convention divided into Houses of Bishops 
and of Deputies. 
Manner of electing Bishops. 
Yeto power given House of Bishops, 
1804. 
Canons passed. 
Revision of Prayer Book. 

Appointment of five committees. 
Addition of Prayer of Consecration from 
Scottish Prayer Book ; Dr. Seabury. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTOBY. 119 

Preface : " American Prayer Book dif- 
ferent in no essential feature from 
English." 
D. Consecration of Madison in England. 
Organization of Church complete. 
Catholic and primitive in creeds and ministry. 

5. The American Church in the Ninetee:nth Cen- 
tury. 

A. State of the Church at Beginning of Century. 

200 clergymen including seven bishops. 
Adoption of XXXIX. Articles, 1801. 

Changes made. 
Convention of 1808; Baltimore. 

" A solemn and affectionate address to the 
Churches." 

Duelling and divorce. 
Attempt to form an independent Episcopal 

Church in Maryland ; Dr. Kemp. 
The Church and the Methodists. 

Bishops White and Seabury ; Dr. Coke. 
Trouble with the Anabaptists. 

B. Revival of the Church, 1811-1836. 

Episcopates of Bishops Hobart, Dr. Moore, 

Richard Channing Moore, Chase, Gris- 

wold, etc. 
Growth of Church principles; improved 

canons. 
Educational Growth. 

Founding of General Theological Seminary. 
Bishop Hobart. 

The Theological Seminary of Yirginia. 

Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. 

C. Growth of Church, 1836-65. 

(1) Expansion of the Episcopate. 

Forty-four Bishops consecrated during 
the period. 
(Present number of Bishops eighty- 
six.) 
1865, Clergy list, 2,450. 



120 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 

Communicant list, 150,000. 
Episcopate made coextensive with 

National territory. 
Need for division of dioceses; desire 
for provincial system ; Dr. Hopkins. 
Creation of Missionary Bishops. 
Domestic Missionary Bishops. 
Kemper, Otey, Breck, Whipple, 
Kip, Scott, Lee, Talbot, Bishop 
of " All Out Doors." 
Foreign Missionary Bishops. 

Boone to China, 1844 ; Payne to 
Africa, 1851. 

(2) Influence of the Oxford Movement on 

Church in America. 

General Convention of 1844. 

Impetus given to High Church Party. 

Establishment of Society for Promo- 
tion of Evangelical Knowledge. 

Secessions to Rome. 

(3) Leaders in the Church. 

High Churchmen ; Hobart, Doane, 
Kemper, Hopkins, De Lancey, H. 
Potter, Brownell, Williams, Ewer, 
Muhlenberg, Mahan, Croswell, De 
Koven, Whittingham. 

Low Churchmen; A. Potter, Tyng, 
Chase, Lee, etc. 

(4) The Work of Dr. Muhlenberg. 

Founding of Church of Holy Com- 
munion. 

The Memorial Movement. 

" Effort to emancipate the Episco- 
pate and unsectarize the Church." 

Improvements in Church Services. 
Church architecture and hymnody. 
Preaching in surplice and surpliced 

choirs. 
Weekly Communion and Offertory. 
Free Church System. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 121 

Establishment of Charities, etc. 

Hospitals, Orphanages, Homes, 
Fresh Air Fund, etc. 
St. Luke's Hospital, St. Johnland, 
etc. 
Founding of Communities in America. 
Sisterhood of Holy Communion. 
D. The American Church from the Civil War to 
Present Day. 

(1) Reunion of Church in North and South 

immediately after War. 

(2) Growth of Church. 

(a) Educational Growth. 

Theological Seminaries and 

Colleges. 
Philadelphia Divinity School. 
Episcopal Theological School, 

Cambridge. 
Western Theological School, 

Chicago. 
Berkeley Divinity School, 

Middletown. 
University of the South. 
St. Stephen's College. 
Racine College; Dr. De 

Koven. 
Lehigh University. 
Hobart College. 
Church Preparatory Schools. 
St. Timothy's ; St. Paul's ; St. 

Mary's, Burlington. 
Growth of Charities. 

Free Hospitals; Houses of 

Mercy ; Orphanages, etc. 
Foreign Missions. 

In Africa, Greece, China, 

Japan, Hayti, Mexico, etc. 
Work among Indians, Jews 

and Negroes. 



122 POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 

Churches for American Colo- 
nies Abroad. 

Paris, Rome, Nice, Flor- 
ence, Dresden, Geneva, 
Lucerne. 
Growth of Communities. 

Sisterhood of St. Marj^, 1865. 
Sisters of Good Shepherd. 
Orders of Deaconesses, Ala- 
bama, Long Island. 
Establishment of Branches of 
English Communities. 
All Saints; St. Marga- 
ret ; St. John Bap- 
tist; Society of St. 
John the Evangelist. 
(6) Ecclesiastical Controversies. 

Legislation as to Ritual, 1871. 
Dr. De Koven ; Dr. George 
F. Seymour. 
Organ ization of Reformed 
Episcopal Church. 
Dr. Cummins, 
(c) Efforts in behalf of Church Unity. 
Earlier History. 

1853, Dr. Muhlenberg's Me- 
morial. 
1856, Commission of Church 
Unity elected by House of 
Bishops. 
1886, Appointment of Com- 
mittee. 
" Consider the Matter of the 
Reunion of Christendom." 
Report of Committee, 1889. 
Lambeth Conference, 1888. 
" Quadrilateral." 
{d) Rise of Broad Church Party. 
American Church Congress. 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY. 123 

Phillips' Brooks; Dr. Wash- 
burn, 
(e) The Revision of the Prayer Book 
and Hymnal, 1882. 
Former attempts at Revision. 
Chief changes made. 

Reference Books for American Church History, 

A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 

America. Wilberforce. 
The Colonial Church. Anderson. 
The Church in America. National Churches Series. 
History of the Episcopal Church of America. Tiffany, 
Some American Clergymen. Morehouse. 
Memoir of Harriet Monsell. Carter. 
Harriet Starr Cannon. Dix. 

XVI. Hindrances to Unity of Catholic Chris- 
tendom. 

1. Points of Difference of the Roman Church. 
A. Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. 
(1) Gradual Growth of the Doctrine, 
(a) First period. 

Early Church, Christ alone con- 
ceived sinless. 
Age of the Councils ; Theotokos 
and Theophoros. 
(6) Second period ; Eleventh and 
Twelth Centuries. 
Yirgin conceived in sin and 
sanctified at the Incarnation. 
Paschasius Radbert, Anselm, 

Bernard. 
1140, Canons of Lyons. 
Festival of the Immaculate 
Conception, December 8. 
(c) Third Period ; Age of the School- 
men. 



124 FOINTS IX CHURCH HISTORY. 

Yirgin conceived in sin but 

sanctified before or after 

birth. 
Duns Scotus and the University 

of Paris ; Thomas Aquinas, 

Bonaventura. 
Decree in favor of Doctrine at 

Council of Basle. 
(cZ) Doctrine as held at present day. 
Yirgin conceived, born and 

lived without sin, original or 

actual. 
Defined at Rome, 1854. 
Festival of the Assumption, 

August 8. 
B. Doctrine of Papal Infallibility. 

(1) Papal Supremacy. 

Councils supreme for nine centuries. 
Pope defers to councils. 

Lavr of the Church is the decision of 
the combined Episcopate ; Definens 
subscripsi. 

Primacy in honor given Rome at 
Council of Chalcedon, 451. 

Roman supremacy assumed at Lateran 
Council, 1215. 
Sacro approbante concilio. 

Superiority of Council to pope as- 
serted at Council of Basle. 

(2) Papal Infallibility. 

Promoters of the Doctrine. 

Thomas Aquinas, Torquemada, 
Can us, Bellarmine, Baronius, Ca- 
jetan, etc. 
Vatican Council and Term Ex Ca- 
thedra. 

Convoked by Bull, ^terni Patri, 
June 29, 1868. 

Flaws in the Council. 

IS'ot oecumenical; members not 



POINTS IN CHURCH HISTORY, 125 

free ; Papal infallibility not 
mentioned in Bull of Convo- 
cation ; Rule of St. Yictor de- 
parted from. Yow of secrecy. 
The Yatican Decree. 

Pope infallible when speaking ex 
cathedra. 

The decrees of the Supreme Pon- 
tiff irreformable, and that with- 
out the consent of the Church. 
Acceptance of the Decree. 

By all the Bishops of the Roman 
Communion and the whole Ro- 
man Church. 

C. Transubstantiation and Communion in One 

Kind. 

D. Doctrine of Purgatory. 

E. Cultus of the Blessed Yirgin and of Saints. 

F. Enforced Celibacy of Clergy. 

G. Use of Latin in Performance of Rites. 
H. Refusal to recognize Anglican Orders. 

Bull of Leo XIII. Apostolicse Curae, 1896. 

2. The Orthodox Eastern Church. 

A. Ten Branches of the Eastern Church. 

(1) The Four ancient Patriarchates, Con- 
stantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jer- 
usalem ; (2) Church of Russia ; (3) 
Church in Cyprus; (4) Church in 
Austro-Hungary ; (5) Church in Mon- 
tenegro; (6) Church of Greece; (7) 
Church in Servia. 

B. Points of Difference of Eastern Church. 

(1) Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist. 

(2) Confirmation ; priests may confirm. 

(3) Omission of " Filioque " in Creed. 

(4) Invocation of Holy Spirit. 

(5) Holy Orders and Marriage of clergy. 

Enforced celibacy of Bishops. 

(6) Mode of administering Baptism. 



126 POINTS IN CHUBCR HISTOEY. 

(T) Confession and Power of the Keys. 

(8) Union of Church and State. 

(9) The Holy Eucharist, Mode and Ele- 

ments. 

Reference Books for Hindrances to Unity of 
Catholic Christendom. 

The Catholic Faith. Treat. 

Confessions of Christendom. Winer. 

Leo XIII. and Anglican Orders. Dr. Bichey. 

Yindication of Anglican Orders. Dr, Lowndes, 

The Pope and the Council. Janus. 

Kites and Customs of the Graco-Roman Church. 

HoTnanoff. 
The Catholic Faith and Religion. Staley. 
Catholic Doctrine of the Atonement. Oxenham. 
The Theotokos. Dr. Fusey. 



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